{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:42:35Z","timestamp":1788306155266,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Measures to contain the Covid-19 pandemic led to significant lifestyle changes for children and adolescents mainly related to the closure of schools and recreational activities, reduced social interaction, and increased family concerns.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional online survey of 78 questions investigating social determinants of health, mood changes, symptoms of anxiety, increase in sleep disorders and unusual repetitive movements was offered to parents living in Italy with children \u226418\u2009years; including families of children with disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, chronic diseases, and specific learning disabilities. The survey was conducted on the Qualtrics platform 6 months after the beginning of the pandemic and distributed in hospitals and paediatricians\u2019 waiting rooms as well as through social networks. The primary outcomes were the increase in sleep disorders among children and adolescents. Possible risk factors were investigated through multivariable regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Six thousand two hundred ten volunteer parents responded to the questions concerning mood changes, sleep disorders and unusual repetitive movements, and were included in the present study. The majority were female (91.8%) and Italian (97.0%). 72.7% answered that their children had become more nervous, worried, or sad (80.2% in children with learning disabilities); 77.6% reported feelings of loneliness and 69.3% more difficulties in children falling asleep, 30.2% in staying asleep, and 18.7% an increase in nightmares and\/or sleep terrors. Statistical analysis identified socioeconomic status, parent\u2019s job loss, food insecurity, family attitude toward the pandemic, and children\u2019s mood swing, feelings of loneliness, or missing outdoor activities, as major risk factors for sleep disorders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The first Covid-19 lockdown impacted children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 health through an increase in sleep disorders. In the following phases of the pandemic, this evidence may be useful to investigate and treat these disorders as well as make decisions about containment health policies concerning this age group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1622801087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Sleep disorders reveal distress among children and adolescents during the Covid-19 first wave: results of a large web-based Italian survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7516-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Fetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Morigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidio","family":"Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio Maria","family":"Cordelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 and effects of school closure for children and their families\u2014reply. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;(2):211\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3598.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3598"},{"issue":"10227","key":"1083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"10","key":"1083_CR3","first-page":"1245","volume":"168","author":"R Maunder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N, Leszcz M, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ. 2003;168(10):1245\u201351.","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"issue":"7","key":"1083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030703","volume":"10","author":"L Hawryluck","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1007.030703.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2004.2.265","volume":"2","author":"C DiGiovanni","year":"2004","unstructured":"DiGiovanni C, Conley J, Chiu D, Zaborski J. Factors influencing compliance with quarantine in Toronto during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Biosecurity Bioterrorism Biodefense Strateg Pract Sci. 2004;2(4):265\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bsp.2004.2.265.","journal-title":"Biosecurity Bioterrorism Biodefense Strateg Pract Sci"},{"issue":"October","key":"1083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.579047","volume":"11","author":"G Dallavalle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dallavalle G, Pezzotti E, Provenzi L, Toni F, Carpani A, Borgatti R. Migraine symptoms improvement during the COVID-19 lockdown in a cohort of children and adolescents. Front Neurol. 2020;11(October):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.579047.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807009156","volume":"136","author":"DL Reynolds","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(7):997\u20131007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268807009156.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2013.22","volume":"7","author":"G Sprang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dmp.2013.22.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2007.05.009","volume":"2","author":"J Owens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Owens J. Classification and epidemiology of childhood sleep disorders. Sleep Med Clin. 2007;2(3):353\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsmc.2007.05.009.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"1083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.10.005","volume":"12","author":"R Vetrugno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vetrugno R, Montagna P. Sleep-to-wake transition movement disorders. Sleep Med. 2011;12(SUPPL. 2):S11\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2011.10.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8648","volume":"16","author":"A Dellagiulia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dellagiulia A, Lionetti F, Fasolo M, Verderame C, Sperati A, Alessandri G. Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children\u2019s sleep: a 4-week longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(9):1639\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.8648.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-00987-8","volume":"17","author":"SA Moore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore SA, Faulkner G, Rhodes RE, Brussoni M, Chulak-Bozzer T, Ferguson LJ, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12966-020-00987-8.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"7","key":"1083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13278","volume":"61","author":"SP Becker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker SP, Gregory AM. Editorial perspective: perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61(7):757\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13278.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1083_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3116-z","volume":"177","author":"D Ophoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ophoff D, Slaats MA, Boudewyns A, Glazemakers I, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Verhulst SL. Sleep disorders during childhood: a practical review. Eur J Pediatr. 2018;177(5):641\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-018-3116-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.02.004","volume":"4","author":"MA Short","year":"2018","unstructured":"Short MA, Blunden S, Rigney G, Matricciani L, Coussens S, M. Reynolds C, et al. Cognition and objectively measured sleep duration in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Heal. 2018;4(3):292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"Sleep Heal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.03.002","volume":"58","author":"DW Beebe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beebe DW. Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2011;58(3):649\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.03.002.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"1083_CR17","volume-title":"Determinants of Health the Solid Facts","author":"R Wilkinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wilkinson R, Marmot M. Determinants of Health the Solid Facts, vol. 2; 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3146","volume":"126","author":"ER Hager","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hager ER, Quigg AM, Black MM, Coleman SM, Heeren T, Rose-Jacobs R, et al. Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics. 2010;126(1):e26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-3146.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x","volume":"5","author":"O Bruni","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bruni O, Ottaviano S, Guidetti V, et al. The sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence. J Sleep Res. 1996;5(4):251\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1996.00251.x.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-016-0932-y","volume":"47","author":"MR Beymer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beymer MR, Holloway IW, Grov C. Comparing self-reported demographic and sexual behavioral factors among men who have sex with men recruited through mechanical Turk, Qualtrics, and a HIV\/STI clinic-based sample: implications for researchers and providers. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(1):133\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-016-0932-y.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","volume":"30","author":"IR White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30(4):377\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.4067.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101","volume":"129","author":"RM Mickey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mickey RM, Greenland S. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(1):125\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115101.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17.","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0473-3-17"},{"issue":"12","key":"1083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8806","volume":"16","author":"F Lecuelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lecuelle F, Leslie W, Huguelet S, Franco P, Putois B. Did the COVID-19 lockdown really have no impact on young children\u2019s sleep? J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(12):2121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.8806.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"1083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Z, Tang H, Jin Q, et al. Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. J Sleep Res. 2020;(April):e13142. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13142","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13142"},{"key":"1083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di Giorgio E, Di Riso D, Mioni G, Cellini N. The interplay between mothers\u2019 and children behavioral and psychological factors during COVID-19: an Italian study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-020-01631-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01631-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"1083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1188701","volume":"46","author":"JA Mindell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mindell JA, Leichman ES, DuMond C, Sadeh A. Sleep and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2017;46(2):236\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2016.1188701.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12373","volume":"25","author":"M Hysing","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hysing M, Harvey AG, Linton SJ, Askeland KG, Sivertsen B. Sleep and academic performance in later adolescence: results from a large population-based study. J Sleep Res. 2016;25(3):318\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12373.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1083_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051691","volume":"17","author":"M Kosticova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kosticova M, Husarova D, Dankulincova Z. Difficulties in getting to sleep and their association with emotional and Behavioural problems in adolescents: does the sleeping duration influence this association? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17051691.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2015.07.009","volume":"38","author":"S Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha S, Jhaveri R, Banga A. Sleep disturbances and behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2015;38(4):705\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2015.07.009.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13052","volume":"29","author":"E Altena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, Ellis J, Gavriloff D, Holzinger B, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I academy. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13052.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1083_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2016.12.001","volume":"47","author":"E Bathory","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bathory E, Tomopoulos S. Sleep regulation, physiology and development, sleep duration and patterns, and sleep hygiene in infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2017;47(2):29\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cppeds.2016.12.001.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"1083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143036","volume":"10","author":"U Pellecchia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pellecchia U, Crestani R, Decroo T, Van den Bergh R, Al-Kourdi Y. Social Consequences of Ebola Containment Measures in Liberia. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0143036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0143036.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013674","volume":"28","author":"M Mihashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mihashi M, Otsubo Y, Yinjuan X, Nagatomi K, Hoshiko M, Ishitake T. Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychol. 2009;28(1):91\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013674.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1083_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016048","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016048","volume":"38","author":"H Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong H, Yim HW, Song Y-J, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East respiratory syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/epih.e2016048.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032924","volume":"33","author":"DC Jarrin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarrin DC, McGrath JJ, Quon EC. Objective and subjective socioeconomic gradients exist for sleep in children and adolescents. Health Psychol. 2014;33(3):301\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0032924.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"August","key":"1083_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00817","volume":"11","author":"L Provenzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Provenzi L, Baroffio E, Ligabue S, Borgatti R. The little professor and the virus: scaffolding Children\u2019s meaning making during the COVID-19 emergency. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11(August):1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00817.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200406","volume":"52","author":"GM McAlonan","year":"2007","unstructured":"McAlonan GM, Lee AM, Cheung V, et al. Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. Can J Psychiatr. 2007;52(4):241\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674370705200406.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13285","volume":"105","author":"H Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu H, Wen LM, Hardy LL, Rissel C. Associations of outdoor play and screen time with nocturnal sleep duration and pattern among young children. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105(3):297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.13285.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"1083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo J, Cao M, Sun F, Shi B, Wang X, Jing J. Association between outdoor activity and insufficient sleep in Chinese school-aged children. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.921617.","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.921617"},{"issue":"1","key":"1083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46104","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46104","volume":"7","author":"CHM Cheung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheung CHM, Bedford R, Saez De Urabain IR, Karmiloff-Smith A, Smith TJ. Daily touchscreen use in infants and toddlers is associated with reduced sleep and delayed sleep onset. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):46104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep46104.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015","volume":"164","author":"G Lissak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018;164:149\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.015.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00463.x","volume":"14","author":"S Higuchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Higuchi S, Motohashi Y, Liu Y, Maeda A. Effects of playing a computer game using a bright display on presleep physiological variables, sleep latency, slow wave sleep and REM sleep. J Sleep Res. 2005;14(3):267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2005.00463.x.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1083_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23088","volume":"25","author":"TD Sanger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanger TD, Chen D, Fehlings DL, Hallett M, Lang AE, Mink JW, et al. Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood. Mov Disord. 2010;25(11):1538\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23088.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361311401763","volume":"16","author":"MA Spiker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Spiker MA, Lin CE, Van Dyke M, Wood JJ. Restricted interests and anxiety in children with autism. Autism. 2012;16(3):306\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361311401763.","journal-title":"Autism."},{"issue":"3","key":"1083_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0654-7","volume":"39","author":"AV Joosten","year":"2009","unstructured":"Joosten AV, Bundy AC, Einfeld SL. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for stereotypic and repetitive behavior. J Autism Dev Disord. 2009;39(3):521\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0654-7.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"1083_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.08.478","volume":"59","author":"DA Baribeau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baribeau DA, Vigod S, Pullenayegum E, et al. Repetitive Behavior Severity as an Early Indicator of Risk for Elevated Anxiety Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(7):890\u2013899.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.08.478.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"0","key":"1083_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1842520","volume":"0","author":"S Grumi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grumi S, Provenzi L, Gardani A, Aramini V, Dargenio E, Naboni C, et al. Rehabilitation services lockdown during the COVID-19 emergency: the mental health response of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;0(0):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2020.1842520.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"1083_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1502","volume":"21","author":"JTE Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson JTE. Academic attainment in students with dyslexia in distance education. Dyslexia. 2015;21(4):323\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1502.","journal-title":"Dyslexia."}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T10:06:07Z","timestamp":1622801167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01083-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital of Bologna (Italy) (Institutional Review Board approval number 762\/2020\/Oss\/AOUBo).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"130"}}