{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:22:27Z","timestamp":1781076147942,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Malnutrition is very common in HIV-infected individuals. Even though data from different settings are necessary to tackle it, pieces of evidence are limited especially in the case of the nutritional status of HIV-infected children. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status and associated factors among children on antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 383 HIV-positive children in Southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometry measurement. Data were coded and entered into Epi-Data Version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Bi-variable and multi-variable binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with nutritional status and variables with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-values &lt;0.05 in multi-variable logistic regression were considered as statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of wasting among HIV-positive children in Southern Ethiopiaselected Hospitals was 36.3% (95% CI, 31.6\u201341.0) while stunting on the same study population was 5.5% (95% CI, 3.4\u20137.8). Rural residence, lack of maternal education, low CD4 counts (&lt;\u2009500), using an unprotected water source, having a non-biological mother and recurrent oral lesion were significantly associated with wasting. Furthermore, history of hospital admission, recurrent oral lesion, low CD4 counts (&lt;\u2009500), advanced WHO clinical stage were statically associated with stunting with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value &lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study found that the prevalence of under-nutrition among HIV-positive children in Ethiopia was significantly high. Therefore, timely identification and monitoring of nutritional problems should be necessary to enhance the effectiveness of ART treatment and to prevent further related complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:01:55Z","timestamp":1633996915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Under-nutrition and associated factors among children on ART in Southern Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chalie Marew","family":"Tiruneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belete Gelaw","family":"Walle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigabu Desie","family":"Emiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigusie Selomon","family":"Tibebu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moges Wubneh","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adane Birhanu","family":"Nigat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amsalu","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyasu","family":"Alem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadele","family":"Lankrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirubel","family":"Eshetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","volume":"10","author":"AB Kharsany","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kharsany AB, Karim QA. HIV infection and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges and opportunities. Open AIDS J. 2016;10(1):34\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874613601610010034.","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"key":"1154_CR2","volume-title":"Global HIV & AIDS statistics\u22122020 fact sheet","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2020","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics\u22122020 fact sheet. 2020."},{"key":"1154_CR3","volume-title":"HIV related estimate and projection for Ethiopia Addis Ababa","author":"Ephi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ephi. HIV related estimate and projection for Ethiopia Addis Ababa.2017, Available from: https:\/\/www.ephi.gov.et\/images\/pictures\/download2009\/HIV_estimation_and_projection_for_Ethiopia_2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0472-2","volume":"44","author":"A Alebel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alebel A, Wagnew F, Tesema C, Kibret GD, Petrucka P, Eshite S. Effects of undernutrition on survival of human immunodeficiency virus positive children on antiretroviral therapy. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-018-0472-2.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"B Haileselassie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haileselassie B, Roba KT, Weldegebreal F. Undernutrition and its associated factors among pediatric age children attending antiretroviral therapy in Eastern Ethiopia. East Afr J Health Biomed Sci. 2019;3(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"East Afr J Health Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR6","first-page":"82","volume":"9","author":"D Gezahegn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gezahegn D, Egata G, Gobena T, Abebaw B. Predictors of stunting among pediatric children living with HIV\/AIDS, Eastern Ethiopia. Int J Public Health. 2020;9(2):82\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"1154_CR7","unstructured":"Jeylan A, Mohammed E, Girma A. Magnitude of stunting, thinness and associated factors among HIV positive children attending chronic HIV care and support in Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Int J Health Sci Res. 2018;8(11):245-56."},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3882-8","volume":"11","author":"Y Sewale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sewale Y, Hailu G, Sintayehu M, Moges NA, Alebel A. Magnitude of malnutrition and associated factors among HIV infected children attending HIV-care in three public hospitals in East and West Gojjam Zones, Amhara, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2017: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-018-3882-8.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"1154_CR9","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"B Megabiaw","year":"2012","unstructured":"Megabiaw B, Wassie B, Rogers NL. Malnutrition among HIV-positive children at two referral hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Biomed Sci. 2012;5:3\u201310.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Biomed Sci"},{"key":"1154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arifin WN. Introduction to sample size calculation. Educ Med J. 2013;5(2). www.eduimed.com. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5959\/eimj.v5i2.130:e89-96.","DOI":"10.5959\/eimj.v5i2.130"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318298003f","volume":"57","author":"D Turck","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turck D, Michaelsen KF, Shamir R, Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al. World health organization 2006 child growth standards and 2007 growth reference charts: a discussion paper by the committee on nutrition of the European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(2):258\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318298003f.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"1154_CR12","volume-title":"WHO child growth standards","author":"Organization: WH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Organization: WH. WHO child growth standards. 2006. Available at http:\/\/wwww.hoint\/childgrowth\/standards\/Technical_reportpdf."},{"key":"1154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S73881","volume":"8","author":"EA Anigilaje","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anigilaje EA, Olutola A. Prevalence and risk factors of undernutrition among antiretroviral-therapy-na\u00efve subjects aged under 5 years old in Makurdi, Nigeria: a retrospective study. Int J Gen Med. 2015;8:131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S73881.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"1154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Penda CI, Moukoko ECE, Nolla NP, Evindi NOA, Ndombo PK. Malnutrition among HIV infected children under 5 years of age at the Laquintinie hospital Douala, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.91.15832.","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.91.15832"},{"issue":"1","key":"1154_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0952-6","volume":"15","author":"J Jesson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jesson J, Masson D, Adonon A, Tran C, Habarugira C, Zio R, et al. Prevalence of malnutrition among HIV-infected children in Central and West-African HIV-care programmes supported by the Growing Up Programme in 2011: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-0952-6.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957413500852","volume":"14","author":"RS Mwiru","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mwiru RS, Spiegelman D, Duggan C, Seage GR III, Semu H, Chalamilla G, et al. Nutritional status and other baseline predictors of mortality among HIV-infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2015;14(2):172\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325957413500852.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"1154_CR17","unstructured":"Kassa ZY, Behailu T, Mekonnen A, Teshome M, Yeshitila S. Malnutrition and associated factors among under five children (6\u201359 months) at Shashemene referral hospital, West Arsi Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Curr Pediatr Res. 2017. http:\/\/www.currentpediatrics.com\/articles\/malnutrition-and-associated-factorsamong-under-five-children-659-months-at-shashemene-referral-hospital-west-arsi-zone-oromia-eth.html?aid=6537."},{"issue":"11","key":"1154_CR18","first-page":"25","volume":"10","author":"BB Desalegn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desalegn BB, Kinfe E, Fikre K, Bosha T. Stunting and its associated factors in under five years old children: the case of Hawassa University Technology villages, Southern Ethiopia. J Environ Sci, Toxicol Food Technol. 2016;10(11):25\u201331.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci, Toxicol Food Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajhr.20150305.14","volume":"3","author":"DD Debeko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Debeko DD, Goshu AT. Nutritional status of under-five children in Hawassa Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia. Am J Health Res. 2015;3(5):286\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.ajhr.20150305.14.","journal-title":"Am J Health Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i2.8","volume":"27","author":"H Eshete","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eshete H, Abebe Y, Loha E, Gebru T, Tesheme T. Nutritional status and effect of maternal employment among children aged 6\u201359 months in Wolayta Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2017;27(2):155\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v27i2.8.","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"1154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351058193","volume-title":"Nutrition and HIV: epidemiological evidence to public health: Publisher of Humanities, Social Science & STEM Books","author":"JLF Sourbh Mehta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sourbh Mehta JLF. Nutrition and HIV: epidemiological evidence to public health: Publisher of Humanities, Social Science & STEM Books. New York: CRC press; 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781351058193."},{"key":"1154_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S267892","volume":"11","author":"MB Getahun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Getahun MB, Teshome GS, Fenta FA, Bizuneh AD, Mulu GB, Kebede MA. Determinants of Severe Acute Malnutrition Among HIV-positive Children Receiving HAART in Public Health Institutions of North Wollo Zone, Northeastern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case\u2013Control Study. Pediatr Health, Med Therapeut. 2020;11:313.","journal-title":"Pediatr Health, Med Therapeut"},{"issue":"12","key":"1154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002082","volume":"37","author":"N Yeganeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeganeh N, Watts DH, Xu J, Kerin T, Joao EC, Pilotto JH, et al. Infectious morbidity, mortality and nutrition in HIV-exposed, uninfected, formula fed infants: results from the HPTN 040\/PACTG 1043 trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(12):1271\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0000000000002082.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002766","volume":"16","author":"MJ Gladstone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gladstone MJ, Chandna J, Kandawasvika G, Ntozini R, Majo FD, Tavengwa NV, et al. Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and improved complementary feeding on early neurodevelopment among children born to HIV-negative mothers in rural Zimbabwe: substudy of a cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2019;16(3):e1002766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002766.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1154_CR25","volume-title":"National consolidated guidelines for comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment","author":"Ethiopia FMoHo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ethiopia FMoHo. National consolidated guidelines for comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment: World Health Organization; Geneva. 2020."}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:14:13Z","timestamp":1633997653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01154-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted after obtaining ethical clearance from Wolaita Sodo University, College of health sciences, and medicine through an ethical letter with protocol number 0437\/2020, written on November 23, 2020. The study was also done as per the declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from the caretaker or parents of study participants after the purpose and procedures of the study were fully informed. To maintain confidentiality participants\u2019 names and unique ART numbers were not included in the data collection tool. Moreover, the confidentiality of data was kept at all levels of the study and not used for any other purposes than the stated study objectives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declared that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"205"}}