{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:08:37Z","timestamp":1790816917249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The impact of socio-economic status on the risk of allergy in African children is not clear.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This was a cross sectional study including children aged 6\u201314\u00a0years from urban and rural settings in north-central Nigeria. Participants underwent skin prick tests to house dust mite (HDM) and an interview investigating socio-economic status through the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) based on a score of 0\u20136.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A total of 346 children were enrolled (52.8% boys; mean age\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD 9.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00a0years), including 142 (41% of total) rural and 204 (59% of total) urban pupils. Prevalence of HDM sensitivity was 2.8% (4\/142) in the rural setting and 15.6% (32\/204) in the urban setting (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among urban children, frequency of HDM sensitization was 8.6% (7\/81) in the lowest socio-economic group (FAS 0\u20131), 13.1% (8\/61) in the intermediate one (FAS 2\u20133) and 27.4% (17\/62) in the highest one (FAS\u2009\u2265\u20094).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Urbanization and increasing wealth are associated with a higher frequency of sensitization to HDM in Nigerian children.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T12:03:22Z","timestamp":1660910602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of urbanization and wealth on house dust mite sensitization in children from north-central Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Zuiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5366-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Arigliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramatu","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livingstone Gayus","family":"Dogara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Castriotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashel Dache","family":"Sunday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reward Christopher","family":"Audu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibah","family":"Dadan-Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakary","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baba","family":"Inusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.004","volume":"140","author":"YM El-Gamal","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Gamal YM, Hossny EM, El-Sayed ZA, Reda SM. Allergy and immunology in Africa: Challenges and unmet needs. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:1240\u20133.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1348_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.012","volume":"136","author":"MA Calder\u00f3n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calder\u00f3n MA, Linneberg A, Kleine-Tebbe J, De Blay F, HernandezFernandez de Rojas D, Virchow JC, et al. Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: what do we really know? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:38\u201348.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"1348_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittermann I, Dzoro S, Gattinger P, Botha M, Basera W, Facey-Thomas HE, et al. Molecular IgE sensitization profiles of urban and rural children in South Africa. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(2):234-241.","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13377"},{"key":"1348_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114514","volume":"46","author":"E Uphoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uphoff E, Cabieses B, Pinart M, Vald\u00e9s M, Ant\u00f3 JM, Wright J. A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases. Eur Respir J.\u00a02015;46:364\u201374.","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"1348_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00961.x","volume":"60","author":"N Nicolaou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nicolaou N, Siddique N, Custovic A. Allergic disease in urban and rural populations: increasing prevalence with increasing urbanization. Allergy. 2005;60:1357\u201360.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"1348_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040070","volume":"4","author":"EOD Addo-Yobo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Addo-Yobo EOD, Woodcock A, Allotey A, Baffoe-Bonnie B, Strachan D, Custovic A. Exercise-induced bronchospasm and atopy in Ghana: two surveys ten years apart. PLoS Med. 2007;4: e70.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1348_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-005-1607-6","volume":"78","author":"W Boyce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boyce W, Torsheim T, Currie C, Zambon A. The family affluence scale as a measure of national wealth: validation of an adolescent self-report measure. Soc Indic Res. 2006;78:473\u201387.","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"1348_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.7.606","volume":"54","author":"AO Faniran","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faniran AO, Peat JK, Woolcock AJ. Prevalence of atopy, asthma symptoms and diagnosis, and the management of asthma: comparison of an affluent and a non-affluent country. Thorax. 1999;54:606\u201310.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"1348_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.048","volume":"145","author":"ME Levin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levin ME, Botha M, Basera W, Facey-Thomas HE, Gaunt B, Gray CL, et al. Environmental factors associated with allergy in urban and rural children from the South African food allergy (SAFFA) cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:415\u201326.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1660911241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-022-01348-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital Health Research Committee, Kaduna, Nigeria (BDTH-HREC 17\u20130003-1). Informed consent from parents of the participants was obtained. All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors do not have competing interests to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"151"}}