{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:45:26Z","timestamp":1772801126776,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Studies have indicated an association between cesarean section (CS), especially elective CS, and an increased risk of celiac disease (CD), but the conclusions of other studies are contradictory. The primary aim of this study (CD-deliver-IT) was to evaluate the rate of CS in a large population of CD patients throughout Italy.\u00a0<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This national multicenter retrospective study was conducted between December 2020 and November 2021. The coordinating center was the Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit of Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza, University of Rome, Lazio, Italy. Eleven other referral centers for CD have participated to the study. Each center has collected data on mode of delivery and perinatal period of all CD patients referring to the center in the last 40\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 3,259 CD patients recruited in different Italian regions, data on the mode of delivery were obtained from 3,234. One thousand nine hundred forty-one (1,941) patients (60%) were born vaginally and 1,293 (40%) by CS (8.3% emergency CS, 30.1% planned CS, 1.5% undefined CS). A statistically significant difference was found comparing median age at time of CD diagnosis of patients who were born by emergency CS (4\u00a0years, CI 95% 3.40\u20134.59), planned CS (7\u00a0years, CI 95% 6.02\u20137.97) and vaginal delivery (6\u00a0years, CI 95% 5.62\u20136.37) (log rank <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first Italian multicenter study aiming at evaluating the rate of CS in a large population of CD patients through Italy. The CS rate found in our CD patients is higher than rates reported in the general population over the last 40\u00a0years and emergency CS seems to be associated with an earlier onset of CD compared to vaginal delivery or elective CS in our large nationwide retrospective cohort. This suggests a potential role of the mode of delivery on the risk of developing CD and on its age of onset, but it is more likely that it works in concert with other perinatal factors. Further prospective studies on other perinatal factors potentially influencing gut microbiota are awaited in order to address heavy conflicting evidence reaming in this research field.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T03:28:38Z","timestamp":1722050918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of delivery mode in an Italian nationwide cohort with celiac disease: a SIGENP multicenter retrospective study (the CD-deliver-IT)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Donatella","family":"Iorfida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Valitutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Vestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"D\u2019Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Passaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Crocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Malerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Monzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Rabbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Licia","family":"Pensabene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Giancotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Citrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara Maria","family":"Trovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Pacenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Iasevoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Banzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Lubrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Montuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the \u201cFood-induced disease\u201d study group of SIGENP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Principessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basilio","family":"Malamisura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Zampatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Montafia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Diamanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0","volume":"54","author":"S Husby","year":"2012","unstructured":"Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szab\u00f3 IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, et al. European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9678","volume":"322","author":"MM Leonard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leonard MM, Fasano A. Gluten and celiac disease risk: is it just a matter of quantity? JAMA. 2019;322(6):510\u20131.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"1710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-010-0465-9","volume":"62","author":"JML Tjon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tjon JML, van Bergen J, Koning F. Celiac disease: how complicated can it get? Immunogenetics. 2010;62(10):641\u201351.","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10329","volume":"322","author":"CA Aronsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aronsson CA, Lee HS, H\u00e5rd Af Segerstad EM, Uusitalo U, Yang J, Koletzko S, et al. Association of gluten intake during the first 5 years of life with incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease among children at increased risk. JAMA. 2019;322(6):514\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"1710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1981.tb01392.x","volume":"18","author":"M Madsen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Madsen M, Svejgaard A, Graugaard B, Jakobsen BK, Morling N, Platz P, et al. HLA-B, -DR haplotype frequencies and gametic association in 1,204 unrelated Danes. Tissue Antigens. 1981;18(4):276\u20139.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"1710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S152168","volume":"10","author":"SD Sander","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sander SD, Hansen AV, St\u00f8rdal K, Nybo Andersen AM, Murray JA, Husby S. Mode of delivery is not associated with celiac disease. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:323\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6333","key":"1710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5298","volume":"356","author":"R Bouziat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouziat R, Hinterleitner R, Brown JJ, Stencel-Baerenwald JE, Ikizler M, Mayassi T, et al. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science. 2017;356(6333):44\u201350.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.033","volume":"15","author":"KM Kemppainen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kemppainen KM, Lynch KF, Liu E, L\u00f6nnrot M, Simell V, Briese T, et al. Factors that increase risk of celiac disease autoimmunity after a gastrointestinal infection in early life. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(5):694-702.e5.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"14","key":"1710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1408011","volume":"371","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Green PH. The missing environmental factor in celiac disease. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(14):1341\u20133.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085314","volume":"7","author":"MC Cenit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cenit MC, Olivares M, Codo\u00f1er-Franch P, Sanz Y. Intestinal microbiota and celiac disease: cause, consequence or co-evolution? Nutrients. 2015;7(8):6900\u201323.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"1710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.90","volume":"12","author":"EF Verdu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ, Jabri B. el players in coeliac disease pathogenesis: role of the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(9):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1710_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-113","volume":"13","author":"J Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng J, Kalliom\u00e4ki M, Heilig HG, Palva A, L\u00e4hteenoja H, de Vos WM, et al. Duodenal microbiota composition and mucosal homeostasis in pediatric celiac disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:113.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00869-13","volume":"79","author":"E S\u00e1nchez","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez E, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Fern\u00e1ndez-Murga ML, Sanz Y. Duodenal-mucosal bacteria associated with celiac disease in children. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(18):5472\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33387","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033387","volume":"7","author":"M Sellitto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sellitto M, Bai G, Serena G, Fricke WF, Sturgeon C, Gajer P, et al. Proof of concept of microbiome-metabolome analysis and delayed gluten exposure on celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at-risk infants. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33387.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-219","volume":"11","author":"R Di Cagno","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, Ndagijimana M, Vernocchi P, Ricciuti P, et al. Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011;11:219.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"1710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-232","volume":"8","author":"MC Collado","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collado MC, Donat E, Ribes-Koninckx C, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Imbalances in faecal and duodenal Bifidobacterium species composition in active and non-active coeliac disease. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8:232.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.355","volume":"109","author":"P Wacklin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wacklin P, Laurikka P, Lindfors K, Collin P, Salmi T, L\u00e4hdeaho ML, et al. Altered duodenal microbiota composition in celiac disease patients suffering from persistent symptoms on a long-term gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(12):1933\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308514","volume":"64","author":"MH McLean","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLean MH, Dieguez D Jr, Miller LM, Young HA. Does the microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases? Gut. 2015;64(2):332\u201341.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"26","key":"1710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","volume":"107","author":"MG Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(26):11971\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.047","volume":"142","author":"K M\u00e5rild","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00e5rild K, Stephansson O, Montgomery S, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):39\u201345.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1433","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2260","volume":"125","author":"E Decker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Decker E, Engelmann G, Findeisen A, Gerner P, Laass M, Ney D, et al. Cesarean delivery is associated with celiac disease but not inflammatory bowel disease in children. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):e1433\u201340.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.10.012","volume":"13","author":"L Emilsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Emilsson L, Magnus MC, St\u00f8rdal K. Perinatal risk factors for development of celiac disease in children, based on the prospective Norwegian mother and child cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(5):921\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0613-y","volume":"16","author":"F Namatovu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Namatovu F, Olsson C, Lindkvist M, Myl\u00e9us A, H\u00f6gberg U, Ivarsson A, et al. Maternal and perinatal conditions and the risk of developing celiac disease during childhood. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16:77.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00906-w","volume":"8","author":"MM Leonard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leonard MM, Karathia H, Pujolassos M, Troisi J, Valitutti F, Subramanian P, et al. Multi-omics analysis reveals the influence of genetic and environmental risk factors on developing gut microbiota in infants at risk of celiac disease. Microbiome. 2020;8(1):130.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03871.x","volume":"29","author":"SE Roberts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts SE, Williams JG, Meddings D, Davidson R, Goldacre MJ. Perinatal risk factors and coeliac disease in children and young adults: a record linkage study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(2):222\u201331.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0596","volume":"135","author":"A Sevelsted","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sevelsted A, Stokholm J, B\u00f8nnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e92\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12836","volume":"104","author":"EH Adlercreutz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adlercreutz EH, Wingren CJ, Vincente RP, Merlo J, Agardh D. Perinatal risk factors increase the risk of being affected by both type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(2):178\u201384.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu101","volume":"180","author":"C Canova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canova C, Zabeo V, Pitter G, Romor P, Baldovin T, Zanotti R, et al. Association of maternal education, early infections, and antibiotic use with celiac disease: a population-based birth cohort study in northeastern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(1):76\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001682","volume":"66","author":"S Koletzko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koletzko S, Lee HS, Beyerlein A, Aronsson CA, Hummel M, Liu E, et al. Cesarean section on the risk of celiac disease in the offspring: the Teddy study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;66(3):417\u201324.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100156","volume":"1","author":"CM Mitchell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitchell CM, Mazzoni C, Hogstrom L, Bryant A, Bergerat A, Cher A, et al. Delivery mode affects stability of early infant gut microbiota. Cell Rep Med. 2020;1(9):100156.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"7776","key":"1710_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1560-1","volume":"574","author":"Y Shao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shao Y, Forster SC, Tsaliki E, Vervier K, Strang A, Simpson N, et al. Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth. Nature. 2019;574(7776):117\u201321.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1710_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S229056","volume":"12","author":"V Andersen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andersen V, M\u00f6ller S, Jensen PB, M\u00f8ller FT, Green A. Caesarean delivery and risk of chronic inflammatory diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, coeliac disease, and diabetes mellitus): a population based registry study of 2,699,479 births in Denmark during 1973\u20132016. Clin Epidemiol. 2020;12:287\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16686","volume":"112","author":"P Tanpowpong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanpowpong P, Li S, Espinola JA, Santos LC, James KE, Powe CE, et al. Pregnancy- and birth-related risk factors for the development of childhood celiac disease. Acta Paediatr. 2023;112(5):1029\u201334.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"1710_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maleki M, MontazeriFar F, Payandeh A, Azadbakht Z. Prevalence of celiac disease and its related factors in children aged 2\u20136 years old: a case-control study. Nutr Health. 2023:2601060231167456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02601060231167456. Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060231167456"},{"key":"1710_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.023","volume":"184","author":"E Lionetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, Pulvirenti A, Catassi C, SIGENP Working Group of Weaning and CD Risk. Mode of delivery and risk of celiac disease: risk of celiac disease and age at gluten introduction cohort study. J Pediatr. 2017;184:81-86.e2.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1710_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04132-w","volume":"180","author":"S Soullane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soullane S, Henderson M, Kang H, Luu TM, Lee GE, Auger N. Cesarean delivery and risk of hospitalization for autoimmune disorders before 14 years of age. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(11):3359\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"25","key":"1710_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9570","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2022.2048813","volume":"35","author":"XY Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang XY, Liu YH, Jiang HY, Ying XH. Cesarean section is not associated with increased risk of celiac disease in the offspring: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(25):9570\u20137.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02433-x","volume":"20","author":"C Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo C, Zhou Q, Li M, Zhou L, Xu L, Zhang Y, et al. Breastfeeding restored the gut microbiota in caesarean section infants and lowered the infection risk in early life. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):532.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"1710_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00598","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, Qin S, Song Y, Feng Y, Lv N, Xue Y, et al. The perturbation of infant gut microbiota caused by cesarean delivery is partially restored by exclusive breastfeeding. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:598.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1710_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642197","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.642197","volume":"12","author":"MO Coker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coker MO, Laue HE, Hoen AG, Hilliard M, Dade E, Li Z, et al. Infant feeding alters the longitudinal impact of birth mode on the development of the gut microbiota in the first year of life. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:642197.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1710_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13601","volume":"123","author":"MB Azad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azad MB, Konya T, Persaud RR, Guttman DS, Chari RS, Field CJ, et al. Impact of maternal intrapartum antibiotics, method of birth and breastfeeding on gut microbiota during the first year of life: a prospective cohort study. BJOG. 2016;123(6):983\u201393.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"1710_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1278104","volume":"8","author":"EC Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davis EC, Wang M, Donovan SM. The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function. Gut Microbes. 2017;8(2):143\u201371.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06092-x","volume":"65","author":"EC Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis EC, Dinsmoor AM, Wang M, Donovan SM. Microbiome composition in pediatric populations from birth to adolescence: impact of diet and prebiotic and probiotic interventions. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):706\u201322.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.028","volume":"138","author":"J Stokholm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stokholm J, Thorsen J, Chawes BL, Schj\u00f8rring S, Krogfelt KA, B\u00f8nnelykke K, et al. Cesarean section changes neonatal gut colonization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(3):881-889.e2.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1710_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.5.465","volume":"62","author":"FM Stevens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Stevens FM, Egan-Mitchell B, Cryan E, McCarthy CF, McNicholl B. Reasing incidence of coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child. 1987;62(5):465\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"1710_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10668.x","volume":"77","author":"M M\u00e4ki","year":"1988","unstructured":"M\u00e4ki M, Kallonen K, L\u00e4hdeaho ML, Visakorpi JK. Changing pattern of childhood coeliac disease in Finland. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1988;77(3):408\u201312.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"1710_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.8.1157","volume":"64","author":"DA Kelly","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kelly DA, Phillips AD, Elliott EJ, Dias JA, Walker-Smith JA. Rise and fall of coeliac disease 1960\u201385. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64(8):1157\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"1710_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00357","volume":"7","author":"A Popp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Popp A, M\u00e4ki M. Changing pattern of childhood celiac disease epidemiology: contributing factors. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:357.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2022-001519","volume":"6","author":"A Dencker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dencker A, Lyckestam Thelin I, Smith V, Lundgren I, Nilsson C, Li H, et al. Neonatal outcomes associated with mode of subsequent birth after a previous caesarean section in a first pregnancy: a Swedish population-based register study between 1999 and 2015. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2022;6(1):e001519.","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr Open"},{"issue":"8","key":"1710_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.039","volume":"156","author":"S Dydensborg Sander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dydensborg Sander S, Nybo Andersen AM, Murray JA, Karlstad \u00d8, Husby S, St\u00f8rdal K. Association between antibiotics in the first year of life and celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(8):2217\u201329.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1710_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023063050","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063050","volume":"153","author":"TM Da Fonte","year":"2024","unstructured":"Da Fonte TM, Valitutti F, Kenyon V, Locascio JJ, Montuori M, Francavilla R, et al. Zonulin as a biomarker for the development of celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2024;153(1):e2023063050.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T15:03:13Z","timestamp":1722092593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01710-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was launched after approval by the Ethical Committee of \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, Italy (December 2020, reference n. 6185, Prot. 0936\/2020).Participants were informed about the aim of the study, and a written consent was obtained for each patient, if the enrollment took place within a context where the patient or a parent of the patient was present. Written consent in young adults was provided by patients themselves; in case of patients under 18, a parental written consent and an age-adapted written consent were obtained; different information leaflets about the study were available in plain language and suitable for different age groups.Where contacting data subjects to provide them with information on the processing of their data has proved impossible on organizational grounds, the processing of personal data was done without their informed consent on the basis of General Authorization to Process Personal Data for Scientific Research Purposes\u20141 March 2012.The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"129"}}