{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:56:45Z","timestamp":1787237805985,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minufiya University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a growing issue, with controversial data in the terms of prevalence and evaluation timelines. Currently, there are no clear standards for its early detection. Therefore, our aim was to assess the contribution of the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument (MNSI), lipid profile, serum neuron specific enolase (NSE), and serum heat shock protein 27 (HSP 27) to the prediction of DPN in children and adolescents with T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this case-control study, fifty children diagnosed with T1DM for at least five years were enrolled and evaluated through complete neurological examination, MNSI, and nerve conduction study (NCS). Additionally, HbA1c, lipid profile, serum NSE, and serum HSP 27 levels were measured for patients and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of DPN in our study was 24% by NCS, and electrophysiological changes showed a statistically significant lower conduction velocity for the posterior tibial and sural nerves, as well as a prolonged latency period for the common peroneal and sural nerves in neuropathic patients. In these patients, older age, earlier age of diabetes onset, longer disease duration, higher total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, serum NSE, and HSP27 levels were observed. The MNSI examination score\u2009\u2265\u20091.5 cutoff point had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.955, with 75% sensitivity and 94.74% specificity, according to receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. However, the questionnaire\u2019s cutoff point of \u2265\u20095 had an AUC of 0.720, 75% sensitivity, and 63% specificity, with improved overall instrument performance when combining both scores. Regarding blood biomarkers, serum NSE had greater sensitivity and specificity in discriminating neuropathic patients than HSP27 (92% and 74% versus 75% and 71%, respectively). Regression analysis revealed a substantial dependency for MNSI and serum NSE in predicting DPN in patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite limited research in pediatrics, MNSI and serum NSE are promising predictive tools for DPN in children and adolescents with T1DM, even when they are asymptomatic. Poor glycemic control and lipid profile changes may play a critical role in the development of DPN in these patients, despite conflicting results in various studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1728896520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Promising predictors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Abo Hola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameh A.","family":"Abd El Naby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa T.","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaat A.","family":"Gab Allah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina A.","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1774_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S013","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 13. Children and adolescents: standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S163\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-S013.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0031","volume":"41","author":"D Dabelea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dabelea D. Diabetes in Youth-looking backwards to inform the future: Kelly West Award lecture 2017. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(2):233\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci17-0031.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13153","volume":"22","author":"G Akinci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akinci G, Savelieff MG, Gallagher G, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy in children and youth: New and emerging risk factors. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021;22(2):132\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.13153.","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2042","volume":"40","author":"R Pop-Busui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic Neuropathy: A position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2042.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"1774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1213","volume":"36","author":"M Jaiswal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaiswal M, Lauer A, Martin CL, et al. Peripheral neuropathy in adolescents and young adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes from the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth follow-up cohort: a pilot study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):3903\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1213.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01850-x","volume":"59","author":"R Franceschi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franceschi R, Mozzillo E, Di Candia F, et al. A systematic review of the prevalence, risk factors and screening tools for autonomic and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2022;59(3):293\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-022-01850-x.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3178","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3178","volume":"35","author":"D Kallinikou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kallinikou D, Soldatou A, Tsentidis C, et al. Diabetic neuropathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and associated genetic markers. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(7):e3178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3178.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"1774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719356","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.719356","volume":"12","author":"Y Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Y. Gold Standard for diagnosis of DPN. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:719356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.719356.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Viswanathan V, Ahmed Khan B, Nachimuthu S, Kumpatla S. Precision of Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) Tool for the diagnosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy among people with type 2 Diabetes-A study from South India. Int J Low Extrem Wounds Published Online March. 2023;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15347346231163209.","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346231163209"},{"issue":"2","key":"1774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2016-0111","volume":"30","author":"T Bulut","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bulut T, Demirel F, Metin A. The prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;30(2):181\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2016-0111.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000040","volume":"59","author":"TK Homma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Homma TK, Endo CM, Saruhashi T, et al. Dyslipidemia in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(3):215\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2359-3997000000040.","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"1774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05085-9","volume":"63","author":"BC Callaghan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Callaghan BC, Gallagher G, Fridman V, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: what does the future hold? Diabetologia. 2020;63(5):891\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05085-9.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.10.012","volume":"58","author":"ER Jang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jang ER, Lee CS. 7-ketocholesterol induces apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells via reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of NF-\u03baB and akt pathways. Neurochem Int. 2011;58(1):52\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.10.012.","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"1774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052301","volume":"22","author":"Y Fujita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fujita Y, Murakami T, Nakamura A. Recent advances in biomarkers and Regenerative Medicine for Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22052301. Published 2021 Feb 25.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0590","volume":"36","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J, Zhang H, Xie M, Yan L, Chen J, Wang H. NSE, a potential biomarker, is closely connected to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3405\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-0590.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"1774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0009","volume":"57","author":"G Gruden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gruden G, Bruno G, Chaturvedi N, et al. Serum heat shock protein 27 and diabetes complications in the EURODIAB prospective complications study: a novel circulating marker for diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes. 2008;57(7):1966\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-0009.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"1774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58675","volume":"121","author":"CH Ma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ma CH, Omura T, Cobos EJ, et al. Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor recovery after peripheral nerve injury in mice. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(11):4332\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI58675.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"1774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23189","volume":"38","author":"A Echaniz-Laguna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Echaniz-Laguna A, Geuens T, Petiot P, et al. Axonal neuropathies due to mutations in small heat shock proteins: clinical, genetic, and functional insights into novel mutations. Hum Mutat. 2017;38(5):556\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/humu.23189.","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"issue":"11","key":"1774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.11.1281","volume":"17","author":"EL Feldman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Feldman EL, Stevens MJ, Thomas PK, Brown MB, Canal N, Greene DA. A practical two-step quantitative clinical and electrophysiological assessment for the diagnosis and staging of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(11):1281\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.17.11.1281.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herman WH, Pop-Busui R, Braffett BH et al. Use of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument as a measure of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy in Type 1 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications [published correction appears in Diabet Med. 2022;39(4):e14765]. Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):937\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03644.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03644.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"1774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70178-8","volume":"10","author":"N Latronico","year":"2011","unstructured":"Latronico N, Bolton CF. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a major cause of muscle weakness and paralysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(10):931\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70178-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Electromyography and neuromuscular disorders e-book: clinical electrophysiologic correlations. 3rd ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-2672-1.00016-7"},{"key":"1774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671257","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.671257","volume":"12","author":"J Carmichael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carmichael J, Fadavi H, Ishibashi F, Shore AC, Tavakoli M. Advances in screening, early diagnosis and Accurate Staging of Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:671257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.671257. Published 2021 May 26.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.009","volume":"29","author":"RJ de Souza","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Souza RJ, de Souza A, Nagvekar MD. Nerve conduction studies in diabetics presymptomatic and symptomatic for diabetic polyneuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(6):811\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.009.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-Sint","volume":"46","author":"NA ElSayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. Introduction and methodology: standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-Sint.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01032-x","volume":"15","author":"KM Nkonge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nkonge KM, Nkonge DK, Nkonge TN. Screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in resource-limited settings. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-023-01032-x. Published 2023 Mar 22.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s13340-020-00427-9","volume":"11","author":"S Kaymaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaymaz S, Alkan H, Karasu U, \u00c7obankara V. Turkish version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument in the assessment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a validity and reliability study. Diabetol Int. 2020;11(3):283\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13340-020-00427-9. Published 2020 Feb 21.","journal-title":"Diabetol Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"1774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.15605\/jafes.031.02.06","volume":"31","author":"DJ Dagang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dagang DJ, Diestro JD, Hamoy-Jimenez G, Isip-Tan IT, Reyes JPB. Validation of the Filipino-translated version of the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument among Filipino patients with diabetes Mellitus seen at the Philippine general hospital. J ASEAN Federation Endocr Soc. 2016;31(2):115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15605\/jafes.031.02.06.","journal-title":"J ASEAN Federation Endocr Soc"},{"key":"1774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331145","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1331145","volume":"11","author":"D Tinti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tinti D, Canavese C, Nobili C, et al. Neurological dysfunction screening in a cohort of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a six-year follow-up. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024;11:1331145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1331145. Published 2024 May 9.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_194_17","volume":"8","author":"N Mostofizadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mostofizadeh N, Hashemipour M, Roostazadeh M, Hashemi-Dehkordi E, Shahsanai A, Reisi M. The impact of poor glycemic control on lipid profile variables in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Educ Health Promot. 2019;8:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jehp.jehp_194_17. Published 2019 Jan 29.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"issue":"10","key":"1774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.137","volume":"7","author":"AM Vincent","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vincent AM, Callaghan BC, Smith AL, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7(10):573\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.137. Published 2011 Sep 13.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai Z, Yang Y, Zhang J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the serum lipid profile in prediction of diabetic neuropathy. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):499. Published 2021 Jan 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-79276-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79276-0"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"1774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.01.028","volume":"10","author":"SH Fatani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fatani SH, Babakr AT, NourEldin EM, Almarzouki AA. Lipid peroxidation is associated with poor control of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(2 Suppl 1):S64\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.01.028.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.118925","volume":"5","author":"N Mishra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mishra N, Singh N. Blood viscosity, lipid profile, and lipid peroxidation in type-1 diabetic patients with good and poor glycemic control. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(9):562\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1947-2714.118925.","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03464-x","volume":"83","author":"M Salsa-Castelo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salsa-Castelo M, Neves C, Neves JS, Carvalho D. Association of glycemic variability and time in range with lipid profile in type 1 diabetes. Endocrine. 2024;83(1):69\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-023-03464-x.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032782","volume":"352","author":"S Tesfaye","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa032782.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0179","volume":"40","author":"M Jaiswal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaiswal M, Divers J, Dabelea D, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Youth with Type 1 and type 2 diabetes: SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):1226\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-0179.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1774_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204201881986322","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018819863226","volume":"10","author":"LE Graves","year":"2019","unstructured":"Graves LE, Donaghue KC. Management of diabetes complications in youth. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019;10:2042018819863226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042018819863226. Published 2019 Jul 25.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1774_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006559","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006559","volume":"5","author":"D Ziegler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ziegler D, Behler M, Schroers-Teuber M, Roden M. Near-Normoglycaemia and development of neuropathy: a 24-year prospective study from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2015;5(6):e006559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006559. Published 2015 Jun 24.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.01.015","volume":"100","author":"JT Moser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moser JT, Langdon DR, Finkel RS, et al. The evaluation of peripheral neuropathy in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100(1):e3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.01.015.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"1774_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092807","volume":"9","author":"A Gasecka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gasecka A, Siwik D, Gajewska M, et al. Early biomarkers of neurodegenerative and neurovascular disorders in Diabetes. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9092807. Published 2020 Aug 30.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1774_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-879x2004000100003","volume":"37","author":"JE Lima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lima JE, Takayanagui OM, Garcia LV, Leite JP. Use of neuron-specific enolase for assessing the severity and outcome in patients with neurological disorders. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004;37(1):19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0100-879x2004000100003.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"1774_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2478\/cipms-2023-0039","volume":"36","author":"IF Majeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Majeed IF, Baban RS, Salman IN, AlRufaie MM. Potential predictive biomarker for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: serum neuron-specific enolase. Curr Issues Pharm Med Sci. 2023;36:227\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/cipms-2023-0039.","journal-title":"Curr Issues Pharm Med Sci"},{"key":"1774_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i3.15515","volume":"15","author":"ZJ Ghaib","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghaib ZJ, Ghudhaib KK, Mohsen FY. Assessment of Neuron Specific Enolase Level and some related biochemical factors in patients with Diabetic Peripheral nerve disorders. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2021;15:1494\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37506\/ijfmt.v15i3.15515.","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1774_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.065","volume":"14","author":"MA Ummer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ummer MA, Maiya VS, Hande AG. Effect of photobiomodulation on serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy \u2013 a pilot study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):1061\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.065.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1774_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2018.0280","volume":"11","author":"HH Elshorbagy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elshorbagy HH, Barseem NF, Elsadek AE, et al. Serum neuron-specific enolase and S100 calcium-binding protein B in Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2019;11(4):374\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2018.0280.","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1774_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816686718","volume":"32","author":"S Hamed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamed S, Metwalley KA, Farghaly HS, Sherief T. Serum levels of Neuron-Specific Enolase in Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis. J Child Neurol. 2017;32(5):475\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073816686718.","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"1774_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612584","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.612584","volume":"11","author":"ASM Moin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moin ASM, Nandakumar M, Diane A, Dehbi M, Butler AE. The role of heat shock proteins in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2021;11:612584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.612584. Published 2021 Jan 14.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1774_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1780","volume":"37","author":"K Pourhamidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pourhamidi K, Sk\u00e4rstrand H, Dahlin LB, Rolandsson O. HSP27 concentrations are lower in patients with type 1 diabetes and correlate with large nerve fiber dysfunction. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):e49\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1780.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"1774_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2303-5","volume":"54","author":"K Pourhamidi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pourhamidi K, Dahlin LB, Boman K, Rolandsson O. Heat shock protein 27 is associated with better nerve function and fewer signs of neuropathy. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3143\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2303-5.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"1774_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12382","volume":"17","author":"G Hajas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hajas G, Kissova V, Tirpakova A. A 10-yr follow-up study for the detection of peripheral neuropathy in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17(8):632\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12382.","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"1774_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee SS, Han HS, Kim H. A 5-yr follow-up nerve conduction study for the detection of subclinical diabetic neuropathy in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [published correction appears in Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;12(1):74]. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(8):521\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2009.00636.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2009.00636.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"1774_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58783","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058783","volume":"8","author":"A Weisman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weisman A, Bril V, Ngo M, et al. Identification and prediction of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy using individual and simple combinations of nerve conduction study parameters. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(3):e58783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058783.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T09:07:13Z","timestamp":1728896833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01774-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Menoufia Faculty of Medicine approved the study (ID number: 7\/2022PEDI27). Research work was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Our participants completed the study after a written consent from their parents.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and informed consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"215"}}