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It can track into adulthood and tend to manifest at an earlier age. It should be prevented urgently and efficiently.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study assesses the prevalence of occasional hypertension (OHTN) at 5\u2009~\u20096 years old and evaluates its association with size at birth and BMI at 2 and 5\u2009~\u20096 years old in full-term children. We conducted a population-based cohort study of 12,564 children from 66 kindergartens in Tianjin, China. Information on birth weight, body mass index (BMI) at 2 and 5\u2009~\u20096 years old, and blood pressure at 5\u2009~\u20096 years old was retrospectively collected.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The prevalence of childhood OHTN (SBP or DBP\u2009\u2265\u2009P<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub> percentile for sex, age, and height) was 17.0%. At birth, SGA has a high risk of OHTN (AOR 1.36, 95%CI 1.10\u20131.68). In the SGA subgroup, although children are of normal weight at 5\u2009~\u20096 years old, excessive catch-up growth (BMI \u226575th at 2 years old) was still attributed to OHTN (OR 1.51, 95%CI 1.03\u20132.24). Obesity (BMI \u22652SD at 5\u2009~\u20096 years old) was a vital risk factor for OHTN (AOR 2.93, 95%CI 2.56\u20133.36) unregarding with birthweight (OR 95%CI: SGA 3.23(1.66\u2009~\u20096.27), AGA 2.83 (2.42\u20133.31), LGA 3.52 (2.65\u20134.68)). The co-presence of moderate or excessive catch-up growth before 2 years old and obesity at 5\u2009~\u20096 years old significantly increased the risk of childhood OHTN (OR from 2.74 (1.65\u20134.54) to 6.53 (2.68\u201315.90)).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Preschool obesity, low birth weight, and excessive catch-up growth increased the risk of OHTN in childhood.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01860-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T17:20:58Z","timestamp":1738948858000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood occasional hypertension and its association with size at birth and early growth: a population-based retrospective cohort study from China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leishen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijuan","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10204","key":"1860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30427-1","volume":"394","author":"M Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, Yin P, Zhu J, Chen W, Li X, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang M, Qi J, Yu S, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Glenn S, Krish VS, Miller-Petrie MK, Mountjoy-Venning WC, Mullany EC, Redford SB, Liu H, Naghavi M, Hay SI, Wang L, Murray CJL, Liang X. 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Since this is a retrospective analysis of data routinely collected from children, written informed consent was not applicable. The Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Tianjin Women and Children\u2019s Health Center agreed to waive the need for written informed consent from all participants in our study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"36"}}