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The pathophysiology of TS remains controversial. Currently, the recognized pathogenesis of TS is the imbalance of neurotransmitters, involving abnormality of the cortex-striatum-thalamus-cortex circuit. Recently, clinical researches demonstrate that triggers such as infection and allergic reaction could lead to the onset or exacerbation of tic symptoms. Current studies have also suggested that neural-immune crosstalk caused by inflammation is also associated with TS, potentially leading to the occurrence of tics by inducing neurotransmitter abnormalities. Herein, we review inflammation-related factors contributing to the occurrence of TS as well as the mechanisms by which immune-inflammatory pathways mediate the onset of TS. This aims to clarify the pathogenesis of TS and provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of TS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01874-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T15:16:16Z","timestamp":1740755776000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuroinflammation and pathways that contribute to tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xinnan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6968-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01177-8","volume":"22","author":"J Frey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frey J, Malaty IA. 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