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An 89-item questionnaire focusing on the current modes, devices, and strategies employed in neonatal units in the domain of respiratory care was sent to directors\/heads of 528 NICUs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The response rate was 75% (397\/528 units). The median number of NICU beds and the admission rate per unit\/year of preterm infants\u2009&lt;\u20091500\u00a0g was significantly lower in Italy compared with Europe (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In most Italian Delivery Rooms (DR) full resuscitation is given from 22 to 23 weeks gestational age, while 21.0% of the European units initiate from 24 weeks. Initial FiO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is set as per American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines in 81.1% of Italian units compared to 30.9% of the European ones (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). DR surfactant is less often given through Less-Invasive-Surfactant-Administration (LISA) in Italy (53.4% vs. 76.2% of units, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03). Volume-targeted, synchronized intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) is the preferred invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) mode to treat acute RDS across the surveyed units, however 22.9% % of Italian centers vs. 6.8% of the European ones use HFOV as first choice (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). During HFOV, 78% of Italian NICUs set mean airway pressure (MAP) following a lung recruitment procedure compared to 41% of the centers in Europe (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the NICUs, most of the non-invasive (NIV) modes used are nasal CPAP and nasal IPPV. For infants on NIV, LISA strategy is used in 25.6% of Italian vs. 60.0% of European units (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). 70% of surveyed units use a brand caffeine. Inhaled steroids are used in 42.3% of Italian vs. 65.4% of European NICUs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>respiratory support strategies among the surveyed Italian and European NICUs are quite dissimilar in some areas, particularly where high-quality evidence is lacking. We believe that hese data will allow stakeholders to make comparisons and to identify opportunities for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01936-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T15:57:44Z","timestamp":1743004664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparing Italian versus European strategies and technologies for respiratory care in NICU: results of a survey of the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies (UENPS) and the Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3305-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Gizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Petrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gagliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Trevisanuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Dellac\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Beke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Buonocore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Charitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Cucerea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Filipovi\u0107-Gr\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly Georgieva","family":"Jeckova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esin","family":"Ko\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Sanchez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Stoniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heili","family":"Varendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Vertecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Orfeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0127-7","volume":"5","author":"B Th\u00e9baud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Th\u00e9baud B, Goss KN, Laughon M, Whitsett JA, Abman SH, Steinhorn RH, et al. 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