{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T10:24:10Z","timestamp":1782987850588,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:27:47Z","timestamp":1744003667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk factors and mortality in children with severe pertussis: the role of exchange transfusion in a PICU"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Junming","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanran","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1951_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-007-0548-2","volume":"167","author":"ES Bamberger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bamberger ES, Srugo I. What is new in pertussis? Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:133\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-007-0548-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1951_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2008.05.010","volume":"9","author":"N Wood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wood N, McIntyre P. Pertussis: review of epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prevention. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2008;9:201\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2008.05.010.","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"1951_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30390-0","volume":"17","author":"KHT Yeung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yeung KHT, Duclos P, Nelson EAS, Hutubessy RCW. An update of the global burden of pertussis in children younger than 5 years: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:974\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30390-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1951_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811410971","volume":"51","author":"HP Lashkari","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lashkari HP, Karuppaswamy S, Khalifa K. Pertussis-related hyperleukocytosis: role of hyperhydration and exchange transfusion. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012;51:987\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922811410971.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"1951_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000851","volume":"17","author":"L Straney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Straney L, Schibler A, Ganeshalingham A, Alexander J, Festa M, Slater A, et al. Burden and Outcomes of Severe Pertussis Infection in Critically Ill Infants. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17:735\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000851.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ472","volume":"61","author":"K Winter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winter K, Zipprich J, Harriman K, Murray EL, Gornbein J, Hammer SJ, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Infant Deaths From Pertussis: A Case-Control Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1099\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ472.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1951_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00365-2","volume":"143","author":"LK Mikelova","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mikelova LK, Halperin SA, Scheifele D, Smith B, Ford-Jones E, Vaudry W, et al. Predictors of death in infants hospitalized with pertussis: a case-control study of 16 pertussis deaths in Canada. J Pediatr. 2003;143:576\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00365-2.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"1951_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13427","volume":"53","author":"MS Kazantzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kazantzi MS, Prezerakou A, Kalamitsou SN, Ilia S, Kalabalikis PK, Papadatos J, et al. Characteristics of Bordetella pertussis infection among infantsand children admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Greece: A multicentre, 11-year study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017;53:257\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpc.13427.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"1951_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12519","volume":"54","author":"A Kuperman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuperman A, Hoffmann Y, Glikman D, Dabbah H, Zonis Z. Severe pertussis and hyperleukocytosis: is it time to change for exchange? Transfusion. 2014;54:1630\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.12519.","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"1951_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000232630.70138.a2","volume":"25","author":"AF Donoso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Donoso AF, Cruces PI, Camacho JF, Leon JA, Kong JA. Exchange transfusion to reverse severe pertussis-induced cardiogenic shock. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:846\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.inf.0000232630.70138.a2.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1951_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181f3a189","volume":"12","author":"M Martinez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez M, Rochat I, Corbelli R, Tissieres P, Rimensberger PC, Barazzone-Argiroffo C. Early blood exchange transfusion in malignant pertussis: a case report. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011;12:e107\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181f3a189.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e816","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2860","volume":"126","author":"HE Rowlands","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rowlands HE, Goldman AP, Harrington K, Karimova A, Brierley J, Cross N, et al. Impact of rapid leukodepletion on the outcome of severe clinical pertussis in young infants. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e816\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-2860.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1951_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31828a70fe","volume":"14","author":"JT Berger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berger JT, Carcillo JA, Shanley TP, Wessel DL, Clark A, Holubkov R, et al. Critical pertussis illness in children: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14:356\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31828a70fe.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00856-y","volume":"11","author":"M Coquaz-Garoudet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coquaz-Garoudet M, Ploin D, Pouyau R, Hoffmann Y, Baleine JF, Boeuf B, et al. Malignant pertussis in infants: factors associated with mortality in a multicenter cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00856-y.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"1951_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06732-1","volume":"21","author":"T Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi T, Wang L, Du S, Fan H, Yu M, Ding T, et al. Mortality risk factors among hospitalized children with severe pertussis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:1057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06732-1.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1951_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000265499.50592.37","volume":"8","author":"P Namachivayam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Namachivayam P, Shimizu K, Butt W. Pertussis: severe clinical presentation in pediatric intensive care and its relation to outcome. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8:207\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PCC.0000265499.50592.37.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005","volume":"18","author":"S Mattoo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:326\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.18.2.326-382.2005.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1951_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02507-4","volume":"21","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xu L, Miao M, Yang H, et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics of severe pertussis in infants and children: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-021-02507-4.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"1951_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05535-0","volume":"20","author":"C Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu C, Yang L, Cheng Y, Xu H, Xu F. Risk factors associated with death in infants <120 days old with severe pertussis: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05535-0.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1951_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00459.x","volume":"8","author":"G Hodge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hodge G, Hodge S, Markus C, Lawrence A, Han P. A marked decrease in L-selectin expression by leucocytes in infants with Bordetella pertussis infection: leucocytosis explained? Respirology. 2003;8:157\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00459.x.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"1951_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbonetti NH. Pertussis leukocytosis: mechanisms, clinical relevance and treatment. Pathog Dis, (2016) 74:\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftw087.","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw087"},{"key":"1951_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21082","volume":"44","author":"M Sawal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawal M, Cohen M, Irazuzta JE, Kumar R, Kirton C, Brundler MA, et al. Fulminant pertussis: a multi-center study with new insights into the clinico-pathological mechanisms. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44:970\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.21082.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"1951_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1086\/589753","volume":"47","author":"CD Paddock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paddock CD, Sanden GN, Cherry JD, Gal AA, Langston C, Tatti KM, et al. Pathology and pathogenesis of fatal Bordetella pertussis infection in infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:328\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/589753.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1951_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199311000-00033","volume":"21","author":"GD Goulin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goulin GD, Kaya KM, Bradley JS. Severe pulmonary hypertension associated with shock and death in infants infected with Bordetella pertussis. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:1791\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003246-199311000-00033.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.2.e264","volume":"114","author":"MJ Romano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Romano MJ, Weber MD, Weisse ME, Siu BL. Pertussis pneumonia, hypoxemia, hyperleukocytosis, and pulmonary hypertension: improvement in oxygenation after a double volume exchange transfusion. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e264\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.114.2.e264.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1951_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31825ba6cf","volume":"31","author":"G Onoro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Onoro G, Salido AG, Martinez IM, Cabeza B, Gillen M, de Azagra AM. Leukoreduction in patients with severe pertussis with hyperleukocytosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31:873\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e31825ba6cf.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1951_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000265500.59962.B8","volume":"8","author":"CE Nicholson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nicholson CE. Critical pertussis may model organ failure in critical illness and injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8:288\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.PCC.0000265500.59962.B8.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1951_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000587","volume":"26","author":"C Pierce","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pierce C, Klein N, Peters M. Is leukocytosis a predictor of mortality in severe pertussis infection? Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:1512\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001340000587.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T05:27:49Z","timestamp":1744003669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01951-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee (Institutional Review Board of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University). The ethical considerations for this study are based on the guidelines provided by the World Medical Association (WMA) and the International Committee on Medical Ethics and Safety (CIOMS).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}