{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:42:21Z","timestamp":1792633341499,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has been increasingly appreciated as a cause of lower respiratory tract infection among children. The purpose of this paper is to determine the radiographic and clinical features of children with HMPV lower respiratory disease.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We reviewed seven pediatric patients with severe pneumonia due to HMPV admitted to the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital were assessed in our study from January to July 2023. Unlike other common viral, lobar or segmental consolidation, air bronchograms, and bronchial wall thickening were the most commonly observed HRCT findings in HMPV-associated pneumonia. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, ranged 35\u00a0mg\/L to 146\u00a0mg\/L, and the median WBC count were significantly increased in children with HMPV-associated pneumonia than the normal level. Two patients were co-detected with Haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Five patients were treated with empirical antibiotics prior to the bacterial test results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Some pediatric HMPV-associated pneumonias were characterized by lobar or segmental consolidation in CT and the significantly elevated CRP levels, which may mimic Mycoplasma Pneumoniae or bacterial infection. Healthcare providers should consider HMPV as a possible causative pathogen, perform laboratory tests for prompt diagnosis, and limit unnecessary antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T14:13:53Z","timestamp":1746800033000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical and CT characteristics of human metapneumovirus-associated severe pneumonia in children in Beijing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Weihan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6120-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1973_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025472","volume":"350","author":"JV Williams","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williams JV, Harris PA, Tollefson SJ, et al. Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:443\u201350.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1973_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26188","volume":"58","author":"J Illan Montero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Illan Montero J, Berger A, Levy J, Busson L, Hainaut M, Goetghebuer T. Retrospective comparison of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus clinical presentation in hospitalized children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2023;58(1):222\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1973_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204630","volume":"368","author":"KM Edwards","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edwards KM, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Iwane M, Prill MM, Williams JV. New vaccine surveillance network. 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J Infect Dis. 2018;218(6):868\u201375.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1973_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common illnesses with limited resources. Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43206\/9241546700.pdf. Accessed 21 March 2019."},{"issue":"6","key":"1973_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63750-9","volume":"164","author":"T Kuiken","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuiken T, van den Hoogen BG, van Riel DA, Laman JD, van Amerongen G, Sprong L, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD. Experimental human metapneumovirus infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) results in virus replication in ciliated epithelial cells and pneumocytes with associated lesions throughout the respiratory tract. Am J Pathol. 2004;164(6):1893\u2013900.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1973_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e3181b0ba8b","volume":"25","author":"KT Shiley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shiley KT, Van Deerlin VM, Miller WT Jr. Chest CT features of community-acquired respiratory viral infections in adult inpatients with lower respiratory tract infections. J Thorac Imaging. 2010;25(1):68\u201375.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"1973_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01949-1","volume":"19","author":"WQ Xiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiang WQ, Li L, Wang BH, Ali AF, Li W. Profiles and predictive value of cytokines in children with human metapneumovirus pneumonia. 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Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:S378\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T14:13:55Z","timestamp":1746800035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijponline.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-01973-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written consent was obtained from our patient\u2019s parents.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"136"}}