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Nowadays, there is no definitive consensus about the diagnostic algorithm and the optimal therapeutic management for patients with AM. The purpose of this study is to analyze the management of children admitted for AM and complicated AM (CAM) in a referral children\u2019s hospital, evaluating differences in clinical presentation and management to outline a diagnostic and therapeutic pathway. Moreover, the incidence over time was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study of children admitted for AM at Meyer University Hospital\u2013 IRCCS, Florence from January 2016 to December 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-five patients were included in the study (60% male, median age 4 years), the microbiological examinations were carried out in 68% of them. The most frequent isolated pathogens were\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      in AM and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in CAM. Seventeen patients developed a CAM. An elevated CRP value is associated with an increased risk of CAM (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043). Management of patients with AM was mainly medical with intravenous antibiotics. Surgical intervention was required only in one case (1 out of 68). In contrast, surgical intervention was required in 76% of CAM cases (13 out of 17). The most common procedure was mastoidectomy combined to abscess drainage, according to the predominance of this complication in our study group. Only one patient had a recurrence leading to a second surgery. No significant statistical correlation was found between the occurrence of complications and younger age, personal history of otitis or leukocyte count. A significant increase in AM case was found during the study period.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AM and CAM are infrequent but potentially life-threatening complications of AOM. A marked rise in AM cases was observed in 2023, likely due to the lifting of pandemic restrictions. A heterogeneous management of mastoiditis was observed, even within a single center. Elevated CRP levels are the only identified parameter associated with the complicated form. Pediatricians should be aware of the importance of a prompt diagnosis and guidelines should be developed to support effective management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02075-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T17:53:34Z","timestamp":1758736414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Management of acute mastoiditis in children: a retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Marella","family":"Reale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5950-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Montagnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Mazzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Trinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariapaola","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Trabalzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2075_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200310000-00004","volume":"113","author":"RM Rosenfeld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosenfeld RM, Kay D. 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