{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:57:15Z","timestamp":1781607435400,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ital J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are at increased risk of developing childhood obesity. Moreover, an adiposity rebound (AR) that occur early is strongly linked with future obesity. The aims of our study were to explore the timing of AR, to identify factors affecting AR and correlation between age and body mass index (BMI) at AR and BMI at eight years of age in children with CH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective, observational study was conducted on Caucasian children with CH. For each child, BMI growth curve was constructed, AR was identified and compared with the Italian national and regional references.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-nine patients (44 females) were recruited. The age at AR was 3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 vs. 4.5 years of the comparison population (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in females and 3.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4 vs. 5.0 years of the comparison population (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in males with CH. Age at AR showed a significant negative correlation with BMI at 8 years (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.274,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.039). BMI at AR and BMI at 8 years of age correlated positively (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.460,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The prevalence of obesity\/overweight at 8 years of age was 30%. BMI at 8 years of age was 22.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in overweight\/obese subgroup and 16.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8\u00a0kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in normal BMI subgroup (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with CH showed earlier AR compared to Italian national references. The higher risk of obesity in patients with early AR is supported by the association between age, BMI at AR, and BMI at eight years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T10:26:10Z","timestamp":1754648770000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Timing of adiposity rebound in children with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by newborn screening and treated with Levothyroxine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Lugar\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Corica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Pepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariella","family":"Valenzise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Zirilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letteria Anna","family":"Morabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Li Pomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata Gabriela","family":"Wasniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1754-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","volume":"31","author":"P Van Trotsenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Trotsenburg P, Stoupa A, L\u00e9ger J, Congenital Hypothyroidism. A 2020\u20132021 consensus guidelines Update-An ENDO-European reference network initiative endorsed by the European society for pediatric endocrinology and the European society for endocrinology. Thyroid. 2021;31(3):387\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022060420","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060420","volume":"151","author":"SR Rose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose SR, Wassner AJ, Wintergerst KA, Yayah-Jones NH, Hopkin RJ, Chuang J, Smith JR, Abell K, LaFranchi SH, Section on Endocrinology Executive Committee; Council on Genetics Executive Committee. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Screen Manage Pediatr. 2023;151(1):e2022060420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-060420","journal-title":"Congenital Hypothyroidism: Screen Manage Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000520","volume":"27","author":"CE Cherella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherella CE, Wassner AJ. Update on congenital hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27(1):63\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000520","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e338","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa789","volume":"106","author":"S Caiulo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caiulo S, Corbetta C, Di Frenna M, Medda E, De Angelis S, Rotondi D, Vincenzi G, de Filippis T, Patricelli MG, Persani L, Barera G, Weber G, Olivieri A, Vigone MC. Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism: the benefit of using differential TSH cutoffs in a 2-Screen program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(1):e338\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa789","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2099_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1975D","volume":"125","author":"CF Hinton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hinton CF, Harris KB, Borgfeld L, Drummond-Borg M, Eaton R, Lorey F, Therrell B, Wallace J, Pass KA. Trends in incidence rates of congenital hypothyroidism related to select demographic factors: data from the united states, california, massachusetts, new york, and Texas. Pediatrics. 2010;125(Suppl 2):S37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-1975D","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2099_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02118-4","volume":"93","author":"E Danner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Danner E, Niuro L, Huopio H, Niinikoski H, Viikari L, Kero J, J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen J. Incidence of primary congenital hypothyroidism over 24 years in Finland. Pediatr Res. 2023;93(3):649\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-022-02118-4","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2099_CR7","first-page":"989","volume":"49","author":"M Taheri Soodejani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taheri Soodejani M, Tabatabaei SM, Shoraka HR, Fallahzadeh H, Ghaderi A. Trend of congenital hypothyroidism incidence and its affecting factors in Shahr-e-Kord, Western Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(5):989\u201394.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"2099_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.6.464","volume":"70","author":"DB Grant","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grant DB. Growth in early treated congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 1994;70:464\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.70.6.464","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"2099_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450377","volume":"145","author":"M Salerno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Salerno M, Micillo M, Di Maio S, Capalbo D, Ferri P, Lettiero T, Tenore A. Longitudinal growth, sexual maturation and final height in patients with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001;145(4):377\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1450377","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2099_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0777","volume":"172","author":"J L\u00e8ger","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00e8ger J. Congenital hypothyroidism: a clinical update of long-term outcome in young adults. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:R67\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-14-0777","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2099_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923448","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.923448","volume":"13","author":"A Esposito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Esposito A, Vigone MC, Polizzi M, Wasniewska MG, Cassio A, Mussa A, Gastaldi R, Di Mase R, Vincenzi G, Pozzi C, Peroni E, Bravaccio C, Capalbo D, Bruzzese D, Salerno M. Effect of initial Levothyroxine dose on neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:923448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.923448","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2099_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02116.x","volume":"61","author":"SC Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong SC, Ng SM, Didi M. Children with congenital hypothyroidism are at risk of adult obesity due to early adiposity rebound. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;61:441\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02116.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2099_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984396","volume":"39","author":"S Livadas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Livadas S, Magiakou M-A, Mengreli C, Girginoudis P, Galani C, Smyrnaki P, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Xekouki P, Chrousos GP, Dacou-Voutetakis C. Obesity and attenuated adiposity rebound in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Normalization of BMI values in adolescents. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39:524\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-984396","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.10.008","volume":"54","author":"S-Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen S-Y, Lin S-J, Lin S-H, Chou Y-Y. Early adiposity rebound and obesity in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54(2):107\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.10.008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"2099_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arenz S, Nennstiel-Ratzel U, Wildner M, Door H, von Kries R. Intellectual outcome, motor skills and BMI of children with congenital hypothyroidism: a population-based study. Acta P\u00e6diatrica\/Acta P\u00e6diatrica 2008 97, pp. 447\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00702.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00702.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr010","volume":"58","author":"Q Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun Q, Chen YL, Yu ZB, Han SP, Dong XY, Qiu YF, Sha L, Guo XR. Long-term consequences of the early treatment of children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening in nanjing, china: a 12-year follow-up study. J Trop Pediatr. 2012;58(1):79\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/tropej\/fmr010","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2099_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2315","volume":"96","author":"J L\u00e9ger","year":"2011","unstructured":"L\u00e9ger J, Ecosse E, Roussey M, Lano\u00eb JL, Larroque B, French Congenital Hypothyroidism Study Group. Subtle health impairment and socioeducational attainment in young adult patients with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening: a longitudinal population-based cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1771\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2315","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2099_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Maillot M, Bellisle F. Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children and adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30 Suppl 4:S11-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803514. Erratum in: Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(7):1230.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803514"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803143","volume":"30","author":"A Kroke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kroke A, Hahn S, Buyken AE, Liese AD. A comparative evaluation of two different approaches to estimating age at adiposity rebound. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(2):261\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803143","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2099_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.051","volume":"184","author":"EH Ip","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ip EH, Marshall SA, Saldana S, Skelton JA, Suerken CK, Arcury TA, Quandt SA. Determinants of adiposity rebound timing in children. J Pediatr. 2017;184:151\u2013e1562. Epub 2017 Feb 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.051","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2099_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.3.e5","volume":"101","author":"RC Whitaker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whitaker RC, Pepe MS, Wright JA, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Early adiposity rebound and the risk of adult obesity. Pediatrics. 1998;101(3):E5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.101.3.e5","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01671-4","volume":"50","author":"A Li Pomi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Pomi A, Pepe G, Aversa T, Corica D, Valenzise M, Messina MF, Morabito LA, Stagi S, Wasniewska M. Early adiposity rebound: predictors and outcomes. Ital J Pediatr. 2024;50(1):98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-024-01671-4","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2099_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cacciari E, Milani S, Balsamo A, Spada E, Bona G, Cavallo L, Cerutti F, Gargantini L, Greggio N, Tonini G, Cicognani A. Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 year). J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jul-Aug;29(7):581\u2013\u200993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03344156. PMID: 16957405.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344156"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.008","volume":"28","author":"G Ford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ford G, LaFranchi SH. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: a worldwide view of strategies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;28(2):175\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2013.05.008. Epub 2013 Jun 18.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2099_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.3181148.x","volume":"47","author":"Z Dickerman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dickerman Z, De Vries L. Prepubertal and pubertal growth, timing and duration of puberty and attained adult height in patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) detected by the neonatal screening programme for CH\u2013a longitudinal study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;47(6):649\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.3181148.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.3532","volume":"9","author":"NM Karaka\u015f","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karaka\u015f NM, Tulgar K\u0131n\u0131k S, \u00d6zdemir B, Murato\u011flu \u015eahin N, Tekindal MA, Haberal A. Congenital hypothyroidism and bone remodeling cycle. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017;9(2):106\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jcrpe.3532. Epub 2016 Nov 9.","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2099_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.98012","volume":"16","author":"AT Soliman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soliman AT, Azzam S, Elawwa A, Saleem W, Sabt A. Linear growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening: A controlled study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(4):565\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.98012","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2099_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000342994","volume":"1","author":"P Laurberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laurberg P, Knudsen N, Andersen S, Carl\u00e9 A, Pedersen IB, Karmisholt J. Thyroid function and obesity. Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(3):159\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000342994. Epub 2012 Sep 22.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"18","key":"2099_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9434","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189434","volume":"18","author":"K Walczak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walczak K, Sieminska L. Obesity and thyroid axis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18189434","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01899-z","volume":"46","author":"A Tropeano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tropeano A, Corica D, Curatola S, Li Pomi A, Casto C, Alibrandi A, Pepe G, Aversa T, Wasniewska M. The effect of obesity-related allostatic changes on cardio-metabolic risk in euthyroid children. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023;46(2):285\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01899-z. Epub 2022 Aug 20. PMID: 35986868.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"2099_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01120-4","volume":"46","author":"J Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou J, Zhang F, Qin X, Li P, Teng Y, Zhang S, Tao F, Huang K. Age at adiposity rebound and the relevance for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46(8):1413\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-022-01120-4. Epub 2022 Apr 18.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2099_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0966","volume":"133","author":"S Koyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koyama S, Ichikawa G, Kojima M, Shimura N, Sairenchi T, Arisaka O. Adiposity rebound and the development of metabolic syndrome. Pediatrics. 2014;133(1):e114\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-0966. Epub 2013 Dec 23.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2099_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-1012-5","volume":"46","author":"JG Eriksson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eriksson JG, Fors\u00e9n T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker DJ. Early adiposity rebound in childhood and risk of type 2 diabetes in adult life. Diabetologia. 2003;46(2):190\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-002-1012-5. Epub 2003 Jan 8.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"23","key":"2099_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072515","volume":"357","author":"JL Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker JL, Olsen LW, S\u00f8rensen TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2329\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa072515","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2099_CR35","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0. EpiCentro-Epidemiology for Public Health. OKkio Alla SALUTE. https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/okkioallasalute\/indagine-2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"2099_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050929","volume":"14","author":"EK Goh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goh EK, Kim OY, Yoon SR, Jeon HJ. Timing of adiposity rebound and determinants of early adiposity rebound in Korean infants and children based on data from the National health insurance service. Nutrients. 2022;14(5):929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14050929","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8","key":"2099_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00847-w","volume":"45","author":"AH Ciss\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ciss\u00e9 AH, Lioret S, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Forhan A, Ong KK, Charles MA, Heude B. Association between perinatal factors, genetic susceptibility to obesity and age at adiposity rebound in children of the EDEN mother-child cohort. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45(8):1802\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41366-021-00847-w. Epub 2021 May 13.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2099_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801225","volume":"24","author":"S Scaglioni","year":"2000","unstructured":"Scaglioni S, Agostoni C, Notaris RD, Radaelli G, Radice N, Valenti M, Giovannini M, Riva E. Early macronutrient intake and overweight at five years of age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(6):777\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801225","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2099_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802438","volume":"27","author":"MF Rolland-Cachera","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rolland-Cachera MF, Akrout M, Peneau S. Nutrient intakes in early life and risk of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1523\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2099_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802438","volume":"27","author":"I Gunnarsdottir","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gunnarsdottir I, Thorsdottir I. Relationship between growth and feeding in infancy and body mass index at the age of 6 years. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:1523\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802438","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"}],"container-title":["Italian Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T10:42:36Z","timestamp":1781606556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02099-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1824-7288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1824-7288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical review and approval are not required for this study, in accordance with local or national guidelines, due to the observational retrospective data collection. Informed consent was obtained from all parents of the subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"249"}}