{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:07:46Z","timestamp":1791302866703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Social Development Funds of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2017691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2017691"]}]},{"name":"Social Development Funds of Yangzhou","award":["YZ2017086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2017086"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therapeutic hypothermia management remains controversial in patients with traumatic brain injury. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the risks and benefits of therapeutic hypothermia management in patients with traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane (Central) and Clinical Trials databases from inception to January 17, 2019. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials that investigated therapeutic hypothermia management versus normothermia management in patients with traumatic brain injury. We collected the individual data of the patients from each included study. Meta-analyses were performed for 6-month mortality, unfavourable functional outcome and pneumonia morbidity. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three trials involving a total of 2796 patients were included. The randomised controlled trials with a high quality show significantly more mortality in the therapeutic hypothermia group [risk ratio (RR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 1.53,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02]. Lower mortality in the therapeutic hypothermia group occurred when therapeutic hypothermia was received within 24\u2009h (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.96,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), when hypothermia was received for treatment (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.88,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) or when hypothermia was combined with post-craniectomy measures (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.00,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05). The risk of unfavourable functional outcome following therapeutic hypothermia management appeared to be significantly reduced (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.91,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). The meta-analysis suggested that there was a significant increase in the risk of pneumonia with therapeutic hypothermia management (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.97,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our meta-analysis demonstrated that therapeutic hypothermia did not reduce but might increase the mortality rate of patients with traumatic brain injury in some high-quality studies. However, traumatic brain injury patients with elevated intracranial hypertension could benefit from hypothermia in therapeutic management instead of prophylaxis when initiated within 24\u2009h.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1575543772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A meta-analysis of the effects of therapeutic hypothermia in adult patients with traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hanbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penglei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30371-x","volume":"16","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, Andelic N, Bell MJ, Belli A, Bragge P, Brazinova A, Buki A, Chesnut RM, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):987\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(17)30371-x.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507581","volume":"373","author":"PJD Andrews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andrews PJD, Sinclair HL, Rodriguez A, Harris BA, Battison CG, Rhodes JKJ, Murray GD. Hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(25):2403\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1507581.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"2667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1600339","volume":"374","author":"DJ Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper DJ, Nichol A, Presneill J. Hypothermia for intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(14):1384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1600339.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2015.02.009","volume":"27","author":"KS Bergman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bergman KS, Beekmans V, Stromswold J. Considerations for neuroprotection in the traumatic brain injury population. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2015;27(2):225.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.015","volume":"7","author":"WD Dietrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. The evidence for hypothermia as a Neuroprotectant in traumatic brain injury. Neurother. 2010;7(1):43\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurother"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.08.014","volume":"26","author":"QJ Zhao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhao QJ, Zhang XG, Wang LX. Mild hypothermia therapy reduces blood glucose and lactate and improves neurologic outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2011;26(3):311\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.08.014.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00023-9","volume":"104","author":"R Gal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gal R, Cundrle I, Zimova I, Smrcka M. Mild hypothermia therapy for patients with severe brain injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2002;104(4):318\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"21","key":"2667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.17075","volume":"320","author":"DJ Cooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooper DJ, Nichol AD, Bailey M, Bernard S, Cameron PA, Pili-Floury S, Forbes A, Gantner D, Higgins AM, Huet O, et al. Effect of early sustained prophylactic hypothermia on neurologic outcomes among patients with severe traumatic brain injury: the POLAR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320(21):2211\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.17075.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002376","volume":"45","author":"PJD Andrews","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrews PJD, Rodriguez A, Suter P, Battison CG, Rhodes JKJ, Puddu I, Harris BA. Mortality risk stratification after traumatic brain injury and hazard of death with titrated hypothermia in the Eurotherm3235Trial. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(5):883\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002376.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R75","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13835","volume":"18","author":"S Crossley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Crossley S, Reid J, McLatchie R, Hayton J, Clark C, MacDougall M, Andrews PJ. A systematic review of therapeutic hypothermia for adult patients following traumatic brain injury. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):R75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc13835.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2391-2","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Ye X, Wei J. Therapeutic hypothermia versus normothermia in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-016-2391-2.","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002205","volume":"45","author":"EM Crompton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crompton EM, Lubomirova I, Cotlarciuc I, Han TS, Sharma SD, Sharma P. Meta-analysis of therapeutic hypothermia for traumatic brain injury in adult and pediatric patients. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(4):575\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000002205.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003125","volume":"46","author":"HI Watson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watson HI, Shepherd AA, Rhodes JKJ, Andrews PJD. Revisited: a systematic review of therapeutic hypothermia for adult patients following traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(6):972\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ccm.0000000000003125.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","volume":"339","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.b2535.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1993.10.263","volume":"10","author":"GL Clifton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Clifton GL, Allen S, Barrodale P, Plenger P, Berry J, Koch S, Fletcher J, Hayes RL, Choi SC. A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10(3):263\u201371; discussion 273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1993.10.263.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.3.0363","volume":"79","author":"T Shiozaki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shiozaki T, Sugimoto H, Taneda M, Yoshida H, Iwai A, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T. Effect of mild hypothermia on uncontrollable intracranial hypertension after severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(3):363\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1993.79.3.0363.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702203360803","volume":"336","author":"DW Marion","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF, Obrist WD, Kochanek PM, Palmer AM, Wisniewski SR, DeKosky ST. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(8):540\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199702203360803.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.2.0185","volume":"91","author":"T Shiozaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shiozaki T, Kato A, Taneda M, Hayakata T, Hashiguchi N, Tanaka H, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H. Little benefit from mild hypothermia therapy for severely head injured patients with low intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(2):185\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1999.91.2.0185.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"2667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200012000-00029","volume":"28","author":"M Aibiki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aibiki M, Maekawa S, Yokono S. Moderate hypothermia improves imbalances of thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin I2 production after traumatic brain injury in humans. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(12):3902\u20136.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.4.0546","volume":"93","author":"JY Jiang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jiang JY, Yu MK, Zhu C. Effect of long-term mild hypothermia therapy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: 1-year follow-up review of 87 cases. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(4):546\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm200102223440803","volume":"344","author":"GL Clifton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC, Levin HS, McCauley S, Smith KR Jr, Muizelaar JP, Wagner FC Jr, Marion DW, Luerssen TG, et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(8):556\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm200102223440803.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.1.0050","volume":"94","author":"T Shiozaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shiozaki T, Hayakata T, Taneda M, Nakajima Y, Hashiguchi N, Fujimi S, Nakamori Y, Tanaka H, Shimazu T, Sugimoto H. A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of mild hypothermia for severely head injured patients with low intracranial pressure. Mild Hypothermia Study Group in Japan. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(1):50\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2001.94.1.0050.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000033252.43742.8b","volume":"55","author":"N Hashiguchi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hashiguchi N, Shiozaki T, Ogura H, Tanaka H, Koh T, Noborio M, Fugita K, Akimau P, Kuwagata Y, Shimazu T, et al. Mild hypothermia reduces expression of heat shock protein 60 in leukocytes from severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2003;55(6):1054\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000033252.43742.8b.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1556-3","volume":"29","author":"W Meissner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meissner W, Krapp C, Kauf E, Dohrn B, Reinhart K. Thyroid hormone response to moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(1):44\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-002-1556-3.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00148-4","volume":"59","author":"D Zhi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhi D, Zhang S, Lin X. Study on therapeutic mechanism and clinical effect of mild hypothermia in patients with severe head injury. Surg Neurol. 2003;59(5):381\u20135.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR26","first-page":"27","volume":"8","author":"WS Qiu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qiu WS, Liu WG, Shen H, Wang WM, Hang ZL, Zhang Y, Jiang SJ, Yang XF. Therapeutic effect of mild hypothermia on severe traumatic head injury. Chinese J Traumatol. 2005;8(1):27\u201332.","journal-title":"Chinese J Traumatol"},{"key":"2667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32318-X_56","volume":"95","author":"M Smrcka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smrcka M, Vidlak M, Maca K, Smrcka V, Gal R. The influence of mild hypothermia on ICP, CPP and outcome in patients with primary and secondary brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:273\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000603400107","volume":"34","author":"WG Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu WG, Qiu WS, Zhang Y, Wang WM, Lu F, Yang XF. Effects of selective brain cooling in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study. J Int Med Res. 2006;34(1):58\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147323000603400107.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2006.06.011","volume":"22","author":"W Qiu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Qiu W, Zhang Y, Sheng H, Zhang J, Wang W, Liu W, Chen K, Zhou J, Xu Z. Effects of therapeutic mild hypothermia on patients with severe traumatic brain injury after craniotomy. J Crit Care. 2007;22(3):229\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2006.06.011.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.1.jns081320","volume":"110","author":"OA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris OA, Muh CR, Surles MC, Pan Y, Rozycki G, Macleod J, Easley K. Discrete cerebral hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(6):1256\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.1.jns081320.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(10)70300-8","volume":"10","author":"GL Clifton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clifton GL, Valadka A, Zygun D, Coffey CS, Drever P, Fourwinds S, Janis LS, Wilde E, Taylor P, Harshman K, et al. Very early hypothermia induction in patients with severe brain injury (the National Acute Brain Injury Study: Hypothermia II): a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(2):131\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(10)70300-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3197","volume":"32","author":"T Maekawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maekawa T, Yamashita S, Nagao S, Hayashi N, Ohashi Y. Prolonged mild therapeutic hypothermia versus fever control with tight hemodynamic monitoring and slow rewarming in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(7):422\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2013.3197.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.12.012","volume":"39","author":"C Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang C, Bao Y, Qi M, Zhou L, Liu F, Mao J, Lei Q, Qi S, Qiu B. Mild induced hypothermia for patients with severe traumatic brain injury after decompressive craniectomy. J Crit Care. 2017;39:267\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.12.012.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4103\/1793-5482.142690","volume":"9","author":"Z Idris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Idris Z, Zenian MS, Muzaimi M, Hamid WZ. Better Glasgow outcome score, cerebral perfusion pressure and focal brain oxygenation in severely traumatized brain following direct regional brain hypothermia therapy: a prospective randomized study. Asian J Neurosurg. 2014;9(3):115\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1793-5482.142690.","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0424","volume":"25","author":"K Peterson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peterson K, Carson S, Carney N. Hypothermia treatment for traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(1):62\u201371.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0780-6","volume":"18","author":"S De Rosa","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Rosa S, De Cal M, Joannidis M, Villa G, Pacheco JLS, Virzi GM, Samoni S, D'Ippoliti F, Marcante S, Visconti F, et al. The effect of whole-body cooling on renal function in post-cardiac arrest patients. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18(1):376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-017-0780-6.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260190456","volume":"19","author":"JY Jiang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jiang JY, Gao GY, Li WP, Yu MK, Zhu C. Early indicators of prognosis in 846 cases of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002;19(7):869\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/08977150260190456.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/nre-2010-0601","volume":"27","author":"EA Kelts","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kelts EA. Traumatic brain injury and visual dysfunction: a limited overview. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(3):223\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-2010-0601.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-2152-x","volume":"30","author":"KH Polderman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Polderman KH. Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the ICU: opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality. Part 1: indications and evidence. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(4):556\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-003-2152-x.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1993.79.3.0354","volume":"79","author":"DW Marion","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marion DW, Obrist WD, Carlier PM, Penrod LE, Darby JM. The use of moderate therapeutic hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: a preliminary report. J Neurosurg. 1993;79(3):354\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1993.79.3.0354.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1993.10.57","volume":"10","author":"BG Lyeth","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lyeth BG, Jiang JY, Liu S. Behavioral protection by moderate hypothermia initiated after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 1993;10(1):57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1993.10.57.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"2667_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, Ullman JS, Hawryluk GW, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Chesnut R, Harris OA, Kissoon N, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80(1):6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/neu.0000000000001432.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"2667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aa5241","volume":"37","author":"KH Polderman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(7 Suppl):S186\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aa5241.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"2667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207781368756","volume":"13","author":"J Sahuquillo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sahuquillo J, Vilalta A. Cooling the injured brain: how does moderate hypothermia influence the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(22):2310\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"2","key":"2667_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a276e8","volume":"42","author":"M Geurts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geurts M, Macleod MR, Kollmar R, Kremer PHC, van der Worp HB. Therapeutic hypothermia and the risk of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(2):231\u201342.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2667_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.03.027","volume":"30","author":"B Dengler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dengler B, Garvin R, Seifi A. Can therapeutic hypothermia trigger propofol-related infusion syndrome? J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):823\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.03.027.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2667_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200605000-00025","volume":"104","author":"T Heier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heier T, Caldwell JE. Impact of hypothermia on the response to neuromuscular blocking drugs. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(5):1070\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000542-200605000-00025.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"9442","key":"2667_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)17188-2","volume":"364","author":"I Roberts","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, Farrell B, Wasserberg J, Lomas G, Cottingham R, Svoboda P, Brayley N, Mazairac G, et al. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9442):1321\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(04)17188-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2667_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.27.12.2274","volume":"27","author":"Y Kim","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kim Y, Busto R, Dietrich WD, Kraydieh S, Ginsberg MD. Delayed postischemic hyperthermia in awake rats worsens the histopathological outcome of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1996;27(12):2274\u201380; discussion 2281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.27.12.2274.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.48.3.768","volume":"48","author":"RC Baena","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baena RC, Busto R, Dietrich WD, Globus MY, Ginsberg MD. Hyperthermia delayed by 24 hours aggravates neuronal damage in rat hippocampus following global ischemia. Neurology. 1997;48(3):768\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.48.3.768.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2667_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05123.x","volume":"24","author":"G Lotocki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lotocki G, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Perez ER, Alonso OF, Curbelo K, Keane RW, Dietrich WD. Therapeutic hypothermia modulates TNFR1 signaling in the traumatized brain via early transient activation of the JNK pathway and suppression of XIAP cleavage. Eur J Neurosci. 2006;24(8):2283\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05123.x.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2667_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.23736\/s0390-5616.18.04462-4","volume":"62","author":"A Scerrati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scerrati A, De Rosa S, Mongardi L, Cavallo MA, Trapella G, De Bonis P. Standard of care, controversies, and innovations in the medical treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Sci. 2018;62(5):574\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/s0390-5616.18.04462-4.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000108784.80585.ee","volume":"54","author":"R Burger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burger R, Bendszus M, Vince GH, Solymosi L, Roosen K. Neurophysiological monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological assays confirm the beneficial effects of moderate hypothermia after epidural focal mass lesion development in rodents. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(3):701\u201311; discussion 711-702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000108784.80585.ee.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T19:51:54Z","timestamp":1607025114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-019-2667-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed to the publication of this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"396"}}