{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:35:43Z","timestamp":1791938143458,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic glycan-binding protein shown to be involved in sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). However, its role has never been elucidated in sepsis-associated AKI (S-AKI). We aimed to explore Gal-3\u2019s role and its potential utility as a therapeutic target in S-AKI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 57 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis, serum Gal-3 was examined as a predictor of ICU mortality and development of AKI. In a rat model of S-AKI induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 7-day mortality and serum Gal-3, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and creatinine were examined at 2, 8, and 24\u00a0hours (h) post-CLP. Two experimental groups received the Gal-3 inhibitor modified citrus pectin (P-MCP) at 400\u00a0mg\/kg\/day and 1200\u00a0mg\/kg\/day, while the control group received water only (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918 in each group).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 57 patients, 27 developed AKI and 8 died in the ICU. Serum Gal-3 was an independent predictor of AKI (OR\u2009=\u20091.2 [95% CI 1.1\u20131.4],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and ICU mortality (OR\u2009=\u20091.4 [95% CI 1.1\u20132.2],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) before and after controlling for age, AKI, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score. In the CLP rat experiment, serum Gal-3 peaked earlier than IL-6. Serum Gal-3 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups compared to control at 2\u00a0h post-CLP (400\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003; 1200\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and IL-6 was significantly lower in both P-MCP groups at all time points with a maximum difference at 24\u00a0h post-CLP (400\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015; 1200\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02). In the Gal-3 inhibitor groups, 7-day mortality was significantly reduced from 61% in the control group to 28% (400\u00a0mg P-MCP:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and 22% (1200\u00a0mg P-MCP:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Rates of AKI per RIFLE criteria were significantly reduced from 89% in the control group to 44% in both P-MCP groups (400\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007; 1200\u00a0mg:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This translational study demonstrates the importance of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of S-AKI, and its potential utility as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T15:13:08Z","timestamp":1616080388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Galectin-3 in septic acute kidney injury: a translational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Haibing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amity","family":"Eliaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Kellum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7935-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Eliaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3538_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813","volume":"294","author":"S Uchino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Doig GS, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294:813\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3538_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03681106","volume":"2","author":"SM Bagshaw","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bagshaw SM, Uchino S, Bellomo R, Morimatsu H, Morgera S, et al. Septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: clinical characteristics and outcomes. CJASN. 2007;2:431\u20139.","journal-title":"CJASN"},{"key":"3538_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04360514","volume":"10","author":"J Bouchard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bouchard J, Acharya A, Cerda J, Maccariello ER, Madarasu RC, Tolwani AJ, et al. A prospective international multicenter study of AKI in the intensive care unit. CJASN. 2015;10:1324\u201331.","journal-title":"CJASN"},{"key":"3538_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","volume":"41","author":"EA Hoste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Cely CM, Colman R, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1411\u201323.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"3538_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","volume":"395","author":"KE Rudd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, Shackelford KA, Tsoi D, Kievlan DR, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395:200\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3538_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6863","volume":"12","author":"SM Bagshaw","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bagshaw SM, George C, Bellomo R, Committee ADM. Early acute kidney injury and sepsis: a multicentre evaluation. Crit Care. 2008;12:R47.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3538_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2089-9","volume":"37","author":"RL Mehta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehta RL, Bouchard J, Soroko SB, Ikizler TA, Paganini EP, Chertow GM, et al. Sepsis as a cause and consequence of acute kidney injury: program to improve care in acute renal disease. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:241\u20138.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3538_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.09.004","volume":"155","author":"S Tandukar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tandukar S, Palevsky PM. Continuous renal replacement therapy: who, when, why, and how. Chest. 2019;155(3):626\u201338.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"3538_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2018.10.007","volume":"39","author":"K Singbartl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singbartl K, Formeck CL, Kellum JA. Kidney-immune system crosstalk in AKI. Semin Nephrol. 2019;39:96\u2013106.","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"3538_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2016-0020","volume":"8","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Narazaki M. Kishimoto T immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm. Immunotherapy. 2016;8:959\u201370.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"3538_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5783","volume":"11","author":"FA Bozza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bozza FA, Salluh JI, Japiassu AM, Soares M, Assis EF, Gomes RN, et al. Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: a multiplex analysis. Crit Care. 2007;11:R49.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"3538_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.15.1655","volume":"167","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Kon L, Fink MP, Weissfeld LA, Yealy DM, Pinsky MR, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (GenIMS) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(15):1655\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"3538_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0003-0","volume":"58","author":"HP Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu HP, Chen CK, Chung K, Tseng JC, Hua CC, Liu YC, et al. Serial cytokine levels in patients with severe sepsis. Inflamm Res. 2009;58:385\u201393.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"3538_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2010.02705.x","volume":"119","author":"S Mera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mera S, Tatulescu D, Cismaru C, Bondor C, Slavcovici A, Zanc V, et al. Multiplex cytokine profiling in patients with sepsis. APMIS. 2011;119:155\u201363.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"3","key":"3538_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002206","volume":"45","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Pike F, Yealy DM, Huang DT, Shapiro NI, Angus DC, et al. Relationship between alternative resuscitation strategies, host response and injury biomarkers, and outcome in septic shock. Critical Care Med. 2017;45(3):438\u201345.","journal-title":"Critical Care Med"},{"key":"3538_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-020-00134-7","volume":"40","author":"M Hashizume","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashizume M. Outlook of IL-6 signaling blockade for COVID-19 pneumonia. Inflamm Regen. 2020;40:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"3538_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000178","volume":"2","author":"LF Buckley","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buckley LF, Wohlford GF, Ting C, Alahmed A, Van Tassell BW, Abbate A, et al. Role for anti-cytokine therapies in severe coronavirus disease 2019. Critical Care Explor. 2020;2:e0178.","journal-title":"Critical Care Explor"},{"key":"3538_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.12.020","volume":"1760","author":"J Dumic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dumic J, Dabelic S, Fl\u00f6gel M. Galectin-3: an open-ended story. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1760:616\u201335.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"3538_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00794.x","volume":"230","author":"NC Henderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Henderson NC, Sethi T. The regulation of inflammation by galectin-3. Immunol Rev. 2009;230:160\u201371.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"3538_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1919-4","volume":"32","author":"J ten Oever","year":"2013","unstructured":"ten Oever J, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Van De Veerdonk F, Stelma F, Simon A, Janssen M, et al. Circulating galectin-3 in infections and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32:1605\u201310.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"3538_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.03.033","volume":"445","author":"T Mueller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mueller T, Leitner I, Egger M, Haltmayer M, Dieplinger B. Association of the biomarkers soluble ST2, galectin-3 and growth-differentiation factor-15 with heart failure and other non-cardiac diseases. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;445:155\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"3538_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.03.020","volume":"34","author":"B Dieplinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dieplinger B, Egger M, Leitner I, Firlinger F, Poelz W, Lenz K, et al. Interleukin 6, galectin 3, growth differentiation factor 15, and soluble ST2 for mortality prediction in critically ill patients. J Crit Care. 2016;34:38\u201345.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"3538_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012090909","volume":"24","author":"CM O\u2019Seaghdha","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Seaghdha CM, Hwang SJ, Ho JE, Vasan RS, Levy D, Fox CS. Elevated galectin-3 precedes the development of CKD. JASN. 2013;24:1470\u20137.","journal-title":"JASN"},{"key":"3538_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014010093","volume":"26","author":"C Drechsler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drechsler C, Delgado G, Wanner C, Blouin K, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, et al. Galectin-3, renal function, and clinical outcomes: results from the LURIC and 4D studies. JASN. 2015;26:2213\u201321.","journal-title":"JASN"},{"key":"3538_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.06.028","volume":"93","author":"CM Rebholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rebholz CM, Selvin E, Liang M, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Aguilar D, et al. Plasma galectin-3 levels are associated with the risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2018;93:252\u20139.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"3538_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-017-0252-y","volume":"7","author":"H Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim H, Hur M, Moon HW, Yun YM, Di Somma S. Multi-marker approach using procalcitonin, presepsin, galectin-3, and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 for the prediction of mortality in sepsis. Ann Intensive Care. 2017;7:27.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"3538_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1093-0","volume":"19","author":"MW von Ballmoos","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Ballmoos MW, Likosky DS, Rezaee M, Lobdell K, Alam S, Parker D, et al. Elevated preoperative galectin-3 is associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19:280.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"3538_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2019.06.005","volume":"4","author":"M Prud\u2019homme","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prud\u2019homme M, Coutrot M, Michel T, Boutin L, Genest M, Poirier F, et al. Acute kidney injury induces remote cardiac damage and dysfunction through the galectin-3 pathway. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2019;4:717\u201332.","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"3538_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59616","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059616","volume":"8","author":"BB Mishra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mishra BB, Li Q, Steichen AL, Binstock BJ, Metzger DW, Teale JM, et al. Galectin-3 functions as an alarmin: pathogenic role for sepsis development in murine respiratory tularemia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e59616.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3538_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.06.010","volume":"77","author":"RG Ferreira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferreira RG, Rodrigues LC, Nascimento DC, Kanashiro A, Melo PH, Borges VF, et al. Galectin-3 aggravates experimental polymicrobial sepsis by impairing neutrophil recruitment to the infectious focus. J Infect. 2018;77:391\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3538_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070726","volume":"172","author":"NC Henderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Henderson NC, Mackinnon AC, Farnworth SL, Kipari T, Haslett C, Iredale JP, et al. Galectin-3 expression and secretion links macrophages to the promotion of renal fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 2008;172:288\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3538_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199903)187:4<481::AID-PATH263>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"187","author":"S Sasaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sasaki S, Bao Q, Hughes RC. Galectin-3 modulates rat mesangial cell proliferation and matrix synthesis during experimental glomerulonephritis induced by anti-Thy11 antibodies. J Pathol. 1999;187:481\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"3538_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64595-6","volume":"157","author":"J Nishiyama","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nishiyama J, Kobayashi S, Ishida A, Nakabayashi I, Tajima O, Miura S, et al. Up-regulation of galectin-3 in acute renal failure of the rat. Am J Pathol. 2000;157:815\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"3538_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318242f40a","volume":"93","author":"Z Dang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dang Z, MacKinnon A, Marson LP, Sethi T. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis after renal transplantation is dependent on galectin-3. Transplantation. 2012;93:477\u201384.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"3538_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2008.00705.x","volume":"21","author":"AP Fernandes Bertocchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernandes Bertocchi AP, Campanhole G, Wang PHM, Gon\u00e7alves GM, Dami\u00e3o MJ, Cenedeze MA, et al. A role for galectin-3 in renal tissue damage triggered by ischemia and reperfusion injury. Transpl Int. 2008;21:999\u20131007.","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"issue":"e1868","key":"3538_CR36","first-page":"3","volume":"6","author":"M Kolatsi-Joannou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kolatsi-Joannou M, Price KL. Winyard, PJ Long, DA Modified citrus pectin reduces galectin-3 expression and disease severity in experimental acute kidney injury. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(e1868):3.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3538_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frenay A-RS, Yu L, van der Velde AR, Vreeswijk-Baudoin I, L\u00f3pez-Andr\u00e9s N, van Goor H, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 protects against hypertensive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2015;308:F500-F509.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00461.2014"},{"key":"3538_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001545","volume":"36","author":"E Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez E, Ibarrola J, Fern\u00e1ndez-Celis A, Calvier L, Leroy C, Cachofeiro V, et al. Galectin-3 pharmacological inhibition attenuates early renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 2018;36:368\u201376.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"3538_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.08.002","volume":"3","author":"L Calvier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calvier L, Martinez-Martinez E, Miana M, Cachofeiro V, Rousseau E, S\u00e1daba JR, et al. The impact of galectin-3 inhibition on aldosterone-induced cardiac and renal injuries. JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3:59\u201367.","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"3538_CR40","first-page":"345","volume":"20","author":"M Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Gu Y, Wang H, Zhu P, Liu X, Wu J. Valsartan attenuates cardiac and renal hypertrophy in rats with experimental cardiorenal syndrome possibly through down-regulating galectin-3 signaling. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:345\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"3538_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0166272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166272","volume":"11","author":"E Martinez-Martinez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez-Martinez E, Ibarrola J, Calvier L, Fernandez-Celis A, Leroy C, Cachofeiro V, et al. Galectin-3 blockade reduces renal fibrosis in two normotensive experimental models of renal damage. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0166272.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3538_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li HY, Yang S, Li JC, Fen, JX. Galectin 3 inhibition attenuates renal injury progression in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biosci Rep. 2018;38:BSR20181803.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20181803"},{"key":"3538_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0289","volume":"315","author":"M Shankar-Hari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML, Seymour CW, Liu VX, Deutschman CS, et al. Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:775\u201387.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3538_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198510000-00009","volume":"13","author":"WA Knaus","year":"1985","unstructured":"Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985;13:818\u201329.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3538_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","volume":"2","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, Barsoum RS, Burdman EA, Goldstein SL, et al. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2:1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"11","key":"3538_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112619","volume":"11","author":"I Eliaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eliaz I, Raz A. Pleiotropic effects of modified citrus pectin. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2619.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3538_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822f0d2e","volume":"40","author":"ZY Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng ZY, Wang HZ, Srisawat N, Wen X, Rimmel\u00e9 T, Bishop J, et al. Bactericidal antibiotics temporarily increase inflammation and worsen acute kidney injury in experimental sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:538\u201343.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3538_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000145","volume":"42","author":"F Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou F, Peng ZY, Bishop JV, Cove ME, Singbartl K, Kellum JA. Effects of fluid resuscitation with 09% saline versus a balanced electrolyte solution on acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:e270\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3538_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594929","volume":"115","author":"KH Zou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zou KH, O\u2019Malley AJ, Mauri L. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation. 2007;115:654\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"3538_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061939","volume":"9","author":"YT Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang YT, Lai MY, Kan WC, Shiao CC. Independent Predictive Ability of Procalcitonin of Acute Kidney Injury among Critically Ill Patients. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1939.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"3538_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41291-1","volume":"9","author":"K Chun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chun K, Chung W, Kim AJ, Hyunsook K, Han R, Jae HC, et al. Association between acute kidney injury and serum procalcitonin levels and their diagnostic usefulness in critically ill patients. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4777.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3538_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0941-6","volume":"19","author":"X Dai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dai X, Zeng Z, Fu C, Zhang S, Cai Y, Chen Z. Diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in critically ill patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):223.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"3538_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000446376","volume":"43","author":"V Desmedt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desmedt V, Desmedt S, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert R, Speeckaert MM. Galectin-3 in renal pathology: more than just an innocent bystander? Am J Nephrol. 2016;43:305\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"3538_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02069","volume":"11","author":"J Garcia-Revilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Revilla J, Deierborg T, Venero JL, Boza-Serrano A. Hyperinflammation and fibrosis in severe COVID-19 patients: Galectin-3, a target molecule to consider. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2069.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:09:09Z","timestamp":1675037349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-138545\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This prospective observational clinical study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, at the general ICU of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, China. All performed procedures on animals were previously reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Wuhan University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"IE is the developer of P-MCP. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"109"}}