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Analysis provided by the Research Data Center of the Federal Bureau of Statistics, Wiesbaden, Germany. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. The manuscript and its contents have not been published previously and are not being considered for publications elsewhere in whole or in part in any language, including publicly accessible web sites or e-print servers. BS has received speakers fee from AstraZeneca and Abiomed (unrelated to the submitted work). DW has received speakers fee from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis and Abiomed (unrelated to the submitted work). PK receives research support for basic, translational, and clinical research projects from European Union, British Heart Foundation, Leducq Foundation, Medical Research Council (UK), and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, from several drug and device companies active in atrial fibrillation, and has received honoraria from several such companies in the past, but not in the last three years (unrelated to the submitted work). PK is listed as inventor on two patents held by University of Birmingham (Atrial Fibrillation Therapy WO 2015140571, Markers for Atrial Fibrillation WO 2016012783). SB has received speakers fee from Medtronic, Pfizer, Roche, Novartis, SiemensDiagnostics (unrelated to the submitted work). MS reports personal fees from Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, Edwards Lifesciences and from Medtronic (unrelated to the submitted work). RSP has received honoraria from Abiomed and Medtronic (unrelated to the submitted work). AMB reports personal fees from Abbott, Abiomed, AstraZeneca, BerlinHeart, Medtronic, Novartis (unrelated to the submitted work). The following authors had nothing to declare: PMB, NF, AG.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"325"}}