{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:49:38Z","timestamp":1793908178339,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propofol is one of the most widely used hypnotic agents in the world. Nonetheless, propofol might have detrimental effects on clinically relevant outcomes, possibly due to inhibition of other interventions' organ protective properties. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate if propofol reduced survival compared to any other hypnotic agent in any clinical setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched eligible studies in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials. The following inclusion criteria were used: random treatment allocation and comparison between propofol and any comparator in any clinical setting. The primary outcome was mortality at the longest follow-up available. We conducted a fixed-effects meta-analysis for the risk ratio (RR). Using this RR and 95% confidence interval, we estimated the probability of any harm (RR\u2009&gt;\u20091) through Bayesian statistics. We registered this systematic review and meta-analysis in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42022323143).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 252 randomized trials comprising 30,757 patients. Mortality was higher in the propofol group than in the comparator group (760\/14,754 [5.2%] vs. 682\/16,003 [4.3%]; RR\u2009=\u20091.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.01\u20131.20; p\u2009=\u20090.03; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090%; number needed to harm\u2009=\u2009235), corresponding to a 98.4% probability of any increase in mortality. A statistically significant mortality increase in the propofol group was confirmed in subgroups of cardiac surgery, adult patients, volatile agent as comparator, large studies, and studies with low mortality in the comparator arm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Propofol may reduce survival in perioperative and critically ill patients. This needs careful assessment of the risk versus benefit of propofol compared to other agents while planning for large, pragmatic multicentric randomized controlled trials to provide a definitive answer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T12:06:52Z","timestamp":1681301212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Propofol and survival: an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9532-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Kotani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Turi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Zangrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Landoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.02.031","volume":"123","author":"JB Glen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glen JB. Try, try, and try again: personal reflections on the development of propofol. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(1):3\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"4431_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198835040-00002","volume":"35","author":"MS Langley","year":"1988","unstructured":"Langley MS, Heel RC. Propofol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and use as an intravenous anaesthetic. Drugs. 1988;35(4):334\u201372.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"9749","key":"4431_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60446-1","volume":"376","author":"NK Adhikari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adhikari NK, Fowler RA, Bhagwanjee S, Rubenfeld GD. Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults. Lancet. 2010;376(9749):1339\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4431_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60806-6","volume":"385","author":"TG Weiser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weiser TG, Haynes AB, Molina G, Lipsitz SR, Esquivel MM, Uribe-Leitz T, Fu R, Azad T, Chao TE, Berry WR, et al. Estimate of the global volume of surgery in 2012: an assessment supporting improved health outcomes. Lancet. 2015;385(Suppl 2):S11.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"4431_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0522OC","volume":"186","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(8):724\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003071","volume":"46","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Kadiman S, Ti LK, Howe B, Reade MC, Khoo TM, Alias A, Wong YL, Mukhopadhyay A, et al. Sedation intensity in the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation and 180-day mortality: a multinational prospective longitudinal cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(6):850\u20139.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9713","key":"4431_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62072-9","volume":"375","author":"T Str\u00f8m","year":"2010","unstructured":"Str\u00f8m T, Martinussen T, Toft P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;375(9713):475\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"4431_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2007.05055.x","volume":"62","author":"PC Kam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kam PC, Cardone D. Propofol infusion syndrome. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(7):690\u2013701.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"4","key":"4431_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02410.x","volume":"43","author":"M Ashoori","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ashoori M, Ohta M, Ohsuka S, Shibayama K, Horii T, Ueda M, Kurosaki H. Antibacterial activities of new synthetic divalent cation chelators. Microbiol Immunol. 1999;43(4):311\u20136.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"4431_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S452","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00003789","volume":"26","author":"DL Herr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Herr DL, Kelly K, Hall JB, Ulatowski J, Fulda GJ, Cason B, Hickey R, Nejman AM, Zaloga GP, Teres D. Safety and efficacy of propofol with EDTA when used for sedation of surgical intensive care unit patients. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(Suppl 4):S452-462.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4431_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.06.003","volume":"76","author":"AE Muller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Muller AE, Huisman I, Roos PJ, Rietveld AP, Klein J, Harbers JB, Dorresteijn JJ, van Steenbergen JE, Vos MC. Outbreak of severe sepsis due to contaminated propofol: lessons to learn. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76(3):225\u201330.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2013.01.005","volume":"147","author":"E Kottenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kottenberg E, Musiolik J, Thielmann M, Jakob H, Peters J, Heusch G. Interference of propofol with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation and cardioprotection by remote ischemic preconditioning during coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(1):376\u201382.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2011.02585.x","volume":"56","author":"E Kottenberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kottenberg E, Thielmann M, Bergmann L, Heine T, Jakob H, Heusch G, Peters J. Protection by remote ischemic preconditioning during coronary artery bypass graft surgery with isoflurane but not propofol - a clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56(1):30\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"4431_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1514509","volume":"374","author":"G Landoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landoni G, Baiardo Redaelli M, Votta CD. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning and Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(5):489.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003236","volume":"132","author":"A Bonanni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bonanni A, Signori A, Alicino C, Mannucci I, Grasso MA, Martinelli L, Deferrari G. Volatile anesthetics versus propofol for cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology. 2020;132(6):1429\u201346.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet231","volume":"111","author":"G Landoni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Landoni G, Greco T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Nigro Neto C, Febres D, Pintaudi M, Pasin L, Cabrini L, Finco G, Zangrillo A. Anaesthetic drugs and survival: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized trials in cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111(6):886\u201396.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"4431_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felmet K, Nguyen T, Clark RS, Orr D, Carcillo J: The FDA warning against prolonged sedation with propofol in children remains warranted. Pediatrics 2003, 112(4):1002\u20131003; author reply 1002\u20131003.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.1002"},{"key":"4431_CR18","unstructured":"FDA issues warning on propofol (Diprivan). Canadian Medical Association Journal 2001, 164(11):1608\u20131608-a."},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1177","volume":"110","author":"DN Cornfield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cornfield DN, Tegtmeyer K, Nelson MD, Milla CE, Sweeney M. Continuous propofol infusion in 142 critically ill children. Pediatrics. 2002;110(6):1177\u201381.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"4431_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3181956bda","volume":"10","author":"ES Veldhoen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Veldhoen ES, Hartman BJ, van Gestel JP. Monitoring biochemical parameters as an early sign of propofol infusion syndrome: false feeling of security. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2009;10(2):e19-21.","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2011.11.018","volume":"36","author":"SC Agudelo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agudelo SC, Menc\u00eda S, Faro A, Escudero V, Sanavia E, L\u00f3pez-Herce J. Continuous propofol perfusion in critically ill children. Med Intensiva. 2012;36(6):410\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Intensiva"},{"key":"4431_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"4431_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001631","volume":"44","author":"D Roth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roth D, Heidinger B, Havel C, Herkner H. Different mortality time points in critical care trials: current practice and influence on effect estimates in meta-analyses. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(8):e737-741.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"4431_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366: l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4431_CR25","unstructured":"A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Published 2019. (https:\/\/www.R-project.org)"},{"key":"4431_CR26","unstructured":"MetaStan: An R package for Bayesian (model-based) meta-analysis using Stan. Published online February 1, 2022. (https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.00502)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1370","volume":"11","author":"BK G\u00fcnhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcnhan BK, R\u00f6ver C, Friede T. Random-effects meta-analysis of few studies involving rare events. Res Synthesis Methods. 2020;11(1):74\u201390.","journal-title":"Res Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"4431_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208705","volume":"370","author":"MC Reade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reade MC, Finfer S. Sedation and delirium in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(5):444\u201354.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4431_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12679","volume":"17","author":"Y Shehabi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Mehta S, Riker R, Takala J. Intensive care sedation: the past, present and the future. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):322.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"4431_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, G\u00e9linas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825\u201373.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"4431_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422002","volume":"342","author":"JP Kress","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O\u2019Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1471\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9607","key":"4431_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60105-1","volume":"371","author":"TD Girard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, Taichman DB, Dunn JG, Pohlman AS, Kinniry PA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):126\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44979","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44979","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Chen K, Ni H, Zhang X, Fan H. Sedation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care unit: a network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):44979.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12415","volume":"59","author":"L Pasin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pasin L, Landoni G, Cabrini L, Borghi G, Taddeo D, Saleh O, Greco T, Monti G, Chiesa R, Zangrillo A. Propofol and survival: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015;59(1):17\u201324.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"4431_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierce B, Bole I, Patel V, Brown DL: Clinical Outcomes of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Prior to Cardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2017, 6(2).","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004666"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001120","volume":"124","author":"C Uhlig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uhlig C, Bluth T, Schwarz K, Deckert S, Heinrich L, De Hert S, Landoni G, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, et al. Effects of volatile anesthetics on mortality and postoperative pulmonary and other complications in patients undergoing surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(6):1230\u201345.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"4431_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816476","volume":"380","author":"G Landoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Landoni G, Lomivorotov VV, Nigro Neto C, Monaco F, Pasyuga VV, Bradic N, Lembo R, Gazivoda G, Likhvantsev VV, Lei C, et al. Volatile anesthetics versus total intravenous anesthesia for cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1214\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200207000-00007","volume":"97","author":"SG De Hert","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Hert SG, ten Broecke PW, Mertens E, Van Sommeren EW, De Blier IG, Stockman Bernard A, Rodrigus Inez E. Sevoflurane but not propofol preserves myocardial function in coronary surgery patients. Anesthesiology. 2002;97(1):42\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4431_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200308000-00013","volume":"99","author":"SG De Hert","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Hert SG, Cromheecke S, ten Broecke PW, Mertens E, De Blier IG, Stockman Bernard A, Rodrigus Inez E, Van der Linden PJ. Effects of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane on recovery of myocardial function after coronary surgery in elderly high-risk patients. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(2):314\u201323.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR40","first-page":"918","volume":"127","author":"J Hofland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hofland J, Ouattara A, Fellahi J-L, Gruenewald M, Hazebroucq J, Ecoffey C, Joseph P, Heringlake M, Steib A, Coburn M, et al. Effect of xenon anesthesia compared to sevoflurane and total intravenous anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery on postoperative cardiac troponin release: an international, multicenter, phase 3, single-blinded. Randomized Noninferiority Trial Anesthesiology. 2017;127(6):918\u201333.","journal-title":"Randomized Noninferiority Trial Anesthesiology"},{"key":"4431_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.08.001","volume":"42","author":"S Soltanizadeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soltanizadeh S, Degett TH, G\u00f6genur I. Outcomes of cancer surgery after inhalational and intravenous anesthesia: a systematic review. J Clin Anesth. 2017;42:19\u201325.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000936","volume":"124","author":"TJ Wigmore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wigmore TJ, Mohammed K, Jhanji S. Long-term survival for patients undergoing volatile versus IV anesthesia for cancer surgery: a retrospective analysis. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(1):69\u201379.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4431_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-019-01330-x","volume":"66","author":"A Yap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yap A, Lopez-Olivo MA, Dubowitz J, Hiller J, Riedel B, Riedel B, Wigmore T, Dubowitz J, Ferguson M, Shan D, et al. Anesthetic technique and cancer outcomes: a meta-analysis of total intravenous versus volatile anesthesia. Can J Anesthesia. 2019;66(5):546\u201361.","journal-title":"Can J Anesthesia"},{"key":"4431_CR44","unstructured":"Volatile Anaesthesia and Perioperative Outcomes Related to Cancer: The VAPOR-C Trial [https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04316013]"},{"key":"4431_CR45","unstructured":"Cancer and Anesthesia: Survival After Radical Surgery - a Comparison Between Propofol or Sevoflurane Anesthesia (CAN) [https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01975064]"},{"issue":"12","key":"4431_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004000","volume":"47","author":"CA Santacruz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santacruz CA, Pereira AJ, Celis E, Vincent JL. Which multicenter randomized controlled trials in critical care medicine have shown reduced mortality? A systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2019;47(12):1680\u201391.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"4431_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024922","volume":"384","author":"CG Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW, Swan JT, Sanders RD, Anzueto A, Jackson JC, Hoskins AS, Pun BT, Orun OM, et al. Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1424\u201336.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03967-5","volume":"26","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Yang J, Wang B, Wang P, Wang Z, Yang Y, Liang G, Jing X, Jin X, Zhang Z, et al. Sequential use of midazolam and dexmedetomidine for long-term sedation may reduce weaning time in selected critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):122.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1480-5","volume":"20","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhang K, Wang W, Xie G, Fang X. Dexmedetomidine sedation reduces atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery compared to propofol: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):298.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4431_CR50","first-page":"Cd010225","volume":"1","author":"EA Bruder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1(1):Cd010225.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4431_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.12.025","volume":"122","author":"S Hemphill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemphill S, McMenamin L, Bellamy MC, Hopkins PM. Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(4):448\u201359.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"10","key":"4431_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1996.tb05549.x","volume":"40","author":"A Bach","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bach A, Motsch J. Infectious risks associated with the use of propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40(10):1189\u201396.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.150376","volume":"22","author":"A Zorrilla-Vaca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zorrilla-Vaca A, Arevalo JJ, Escand\u00f3n-Vargas K, Soltanifar D, Mirski MA. Infectious disease risk associated with contaminated propofol anesthesia, 1989\u20132014(1). Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(6):981\u201392.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4431_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3281667777","volume":"20","author":"H Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang H, Cork R, Rao A. Development of a new generation of propofol. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(4):311\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4431_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.11.001","volume":"39","author":"H Tsuchiya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tsuchiya H, Ueno T, Tanaka T, Matsuura N, Mizogami M. Comparative study on determination of antioxidant and membrane activities of propofol and its related compounds. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010;39(1\u20133):97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4431_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2010.07.018","volume":"25","author":"TM Smul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smul TM, Stumpner J, Blomeyer C, Lotz C, Redel A, Lange M, Roewer N, Kehl F. Propofol inhibits desflurane-induced preconditioning in rabbits. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011;25(2):276\u201381.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"4431_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199205000-00010","volume":"76","author":"TJ Ebert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ebert TJ, Muzi M, Berens R, Goff D, Kampine JP. Sympathetic responses to induction of anesthesia in humans with propofol or etomidate. Anesthesiology. 1992;76(5):725\u201333.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004175","volume":"136","author":"MA de la Hoz","year":"2022","unstructured":"de la Hoz MA, Rangasamy V, Bastos AB, Xu X, Novack V, Saugel B, Subramaniam B. Intraoperative hypotension and acute kidney injury, stroke, and mortality during and outside cardiopulmonary bypass: a retrospective observational cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2022;136(6):927\u201339.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5218-5","volume":"44","author":"K Maheshwari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maheshwari K, Nathanson BH, Munson SH, Khangulov V, Stevens M, Badani H, Khanna AK, Sessler DI. The relationship between ICU hypotension and in-hospital mortality and morbidity in septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44(6):857\u201367.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4431_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/78.3.279","volume":"78","author":"S Kahraman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kahraman S, Kilin\u00e7 K, Dal D, Erdem K. Propofol attenuates formation of lipid peroxides in tourniquet-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(3):279\u201381.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"4431_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182567dcc","volume":"116","author":"W Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li W, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yue F, Lu Y, Qiu H, Gao D, Gao Y, Wu Y, Wang Z, et al. In vitro kinetic evaluation of the free radical scavenging ability of propofol. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(6):1258\u201366.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4431_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aef173","volume":"89","author":"MM Sayin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sayin MM, Ozatamer O, Ta\u015f\u00f6z R, Kilin\u00e7 K, Unal N. Propofol attenuates myocardial lipid peroxidation during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89(2):242\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"4431_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1338.030","volume":"1042","author":"RM Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen RM, Chen TG, Chen TL, Lin LL, Chang CC, Chang HC, Wu CH. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1042:262\u201371.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4431_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-200407000-00005","volume":"21","author":"K Engelhard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Engelhard K, Werner C, Ebersp\u00e4cher E, Pape M, Blobner M, Hutzler P, Kochs E. Sevoflurane and propofol influence the expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins after cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in rats. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21(7):530\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"4431_CR65","unstructured":"Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation 2020 Report (https:\/\/www.anzics.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/2020-ANZICS-CORE-Report.pdf)"},{"key":"4431_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2019.09.004","volume":"55","author":"H Irie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Irie H, Okamoto H, Uchino S, Endo H, Uchida M, Kawasaki T, Kumasawa J, Tagami T, Shigemitsu H, Hashiba E, et al. The Japanese Intensive care PAtient Database (JIPAD): a national intensive care unit registry in Japan. J Crit Care. 2020;55:86\u201394.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"4431_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3934-7","volume":"41","author":"EA Hoste","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoste EA, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Cely CM, Colman R, Cruz DN, Edipidis K, Forni LG, Gomersall CD, Govil D, et al. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(8):1411\u201323.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T10:06:14Z","timestamp":1689069974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ccforum.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04431-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"139"}}