{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T20:11:20Z","timestamp":1783714280770,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:47:41Z","timestamp":1771858061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of propofol vs. sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia with postoperative delirium, cognitive decline, and mortality in older adults: a global comparative-effectiveness study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengrong","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shige","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saihao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szu-Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"5903_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e919293","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919293","volume":"26","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo L, Lin F, Dai H, Du X, Yu M, Zhang J, Huang H, Ge W, Tao G, Pan L. Impact of Sevoflurane versus Propofol anesthesia on Post-Operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly cancer patients: A Double-Blinded randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e919293.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.05.005","volume":"34","author":"TF Hasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan TF, Kelley RE, Cornett EM, Urman RD, Kaye AD. Cognitive impairment assessment and interventions to optimize surgical patient outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2020;34(2):225\u201353.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18033","volume":"71","author":"OL Barreto Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barreto Chang OL, Whitlock EL, Arias AD, Tsoy E, Allen IE, Hellman J, Bickler PE, Miller B, Possin KL. A novel approach for the detection of cognitive impairment and delirium risk in older patients undergoing spine surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(1):227\u201334.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.063","volume":"125","author":"Z Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Z, Hu J, Ma D. Postoperative delirium: perioperative assessment, risk reduction, and management. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(4):492\u2013504.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.10.037","volume":"126","author":"CJ Peden","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG, Eckenhoff RG, Fleisher LA. Members of the perioperative brain health expert P: improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126(2):423\u201332.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13281","volume":"63","author":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older A","year":"2015","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older A. American geriatrics society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(1):142\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2014.10.019","volume":"220","author":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older A","year":"2015","unstructured":"American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older A. Postoperative delirium in older adults: best practice statement from the American geriatrics society. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(2):136\u201348. e131.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"9920","key":"5903_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Westendorp RG, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet. 2014;383(9920):911\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","volume":"304","author":"J Witlox","year":"2010","unstructured":"Witlox J, Eurelings LS, de Jonghe JF, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304(4):443\u201351.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.4","volume":"168","author":"DL Leslie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, Leo-Summers L, Inouye SK. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):27\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5903_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.2606","volume":"150","author":"LJ Gleason","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gleason LJ, Schmitt EM, Kosar CM, Tabloski P, Saczynski JS, Robinson T, Cooper Z, Rogers SO Jr., Jones RN, Marcantonio ER, et al. Effect of delirium and other major complications on outcomes after elective surgery in older adults. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(12):1134\u201340.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003841","volume":"127","author":"M Berger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CHt, Deiner SG, Whittington RA, Eckenhoff RG, Angst MS, Avramescu S, Bekker A, Brzezinski M, et al. Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(6):1406\u201313.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.026","volume":"222","author":"S Mohanty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, Neuman MD, Ko CY, Esnaola NF. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: A best practices guideline from the American college of surgeons NSQIP and the American geriatrics society. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222(5):930\u201347.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000145012.27484.A7","volume":"100","author":"B Bein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bein B, Renner J, Caliebe D, Scholz J, Paris A, Fraund S, Zaehle W, Tonner PH. Sevoflurane but not Propofol preserves myocardial function during minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100(3):610\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.04.024","volume":"131","author":"SJ Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao SJ, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Zhao W, Pan LH, Sun XD, Jia Z, Ouyang W, Ye QS, Zhang FX, et al. Delirium in older patients given Propofol or Sevoflurane anaesthesia for major cancer surgery: a multicentre randomised trial. Br J Anaesth. 2023;131(2):253\u201365.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer091","volume":"106","author":"J Schoen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schoen J, Husemann L, Tiemeyer C, Lueloh A, Sedemund-Adib B, Berger KU, Hueppe M, Heringlake M. Cognitive function after sevoflurane- vs propofol-based anaesthesia for on-pump cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(6):840\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.05.059","volume":"121","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Shan GJ, Zhang YX, Cao SJ, Zhu SN, Li HJ, Ma D, Wang DX. First study of perioperative organ protection i: Propofol compared with Sevoflurane general anaesthesia is associated with decreased delayed neurocognitive recovery in older adults. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(3):595\u2013604.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.06.038","volume":"1021","author":"F Kehl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kehl F, Payne RS, Roewer N, Schurr A. Sevoflurane-induced preconditioning of rat brain in vitro and the role of KATP channels. Brain Res. 2004;1021(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5903_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018431","volume":"51","author":"M Kanbak","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kanbak M, Saricaoglu F, Avci A, Ocal T, Koray Z, Aypar U. Propofol offers no advantage over isoflurane anesthesia for cerebral protection during cardiopulmonary bypass: a preliminary study of S-100beta protein levels. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51(7):712\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600410","volume":"27","author":"H Kitano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitano H, Kirsch JR, Hurn PD, Murphy SJ. Inhalational anesthetics as neuroprotectants or chemical preconditioning agents in ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(6):1108\u201328.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"5903_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9192-8_2","volume":"523","author":"M Reekers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reekers M, Boer F, Vuyk J. Basic concepts of recirculatory Pharmacokinetic modelling. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;523:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200409000-00002","volume":"101","author":"SL Shafer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shafer SL. Shock values. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(3):567\u20138.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318195b569","volume":"110","author":"J Steinmetz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Steinmetz J, Christensen KB, Lund T, Lohse N, Rasmussen LS, Group I. Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(3):548\u201355.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"43","key":"5903_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27668","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027668","volume":"100","author":"QY Pang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pang QY, Duan LP, Jiang Y, Liu HL. Effects of inhalation and Propofol anaesthesia on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly noncardiac surgical patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltim). 2021;100(43):e27668.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514549781","volume":"42","author":"N Tang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tang N, Ou C, Liu Y, Zuo Y, Bai Y. Effect of inhalational anaesthetic on postoperative cognitive dysfunction following radical rectal resection in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Int Med Res. 2014;42(6):1252\u201361.","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"9106","key":"5903_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07382-0","volume":"351","author":"JT Moller","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, Rabbitt P, Jolles J, Larsen K, Hanning CD, et al. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International study of Post-Operative cognitive dysfunction. Lancet. 1998;351(9106):857\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648211067526","volume":"41","author":"VL Chuen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chuen VL, Chan ACH, Ma J, Alibhai SMH, Chau V. Assessing the accuracy of international classification of diseases (ICD) coding for delirium. J Appl Gerontol. 2022;41(5):1485\u201390.","journal-title":"J Appl Gerontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302888","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302888","volume":"19","author":"KA Sheehan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sheehan KA, Shin S, Hall E, Mak DYF, Lapointe-Shaw L, Tang T, Marwaha S, Gandell D, Rawal S, Inouye S, et al. Characterizing medical patients with delirium: A cohort study comparing ICD-10 codes and a validated chart review method. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(5):e0302888.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18614","volume":"313","author":"RP Merkow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merkow RP, Ju MH, Chung JW, Hall BL, Cohen ME, Williams MV, Tsai TC, Ko CY, Bilimoria KY. Underlying reasons associated with hospital readmission following surgery in the united States. JAMA. 2015;313(5):483\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"5903_CR30","first-page":"CD012317","volume":"8","author":"D Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller D, Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Schofield-Robinson OJ, Shelton CL, Alderson P, Smith AF. Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;8(8):CD012317.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318212b833","volume":"112","author":"JG Song","year":"2011","unstructured":"Song JG, Hahm KD, Kim YK, Leem JG, Lee C, Jeong SM, Park PH, Shin JW. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blockers attenuate the antiallodynic effect of R-PIA in neuropathic rats. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1494\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000376","volume":"28","author":"TT Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee TT. Caring for Others, and ourselves as well. J Nurs Res. 2020;28(2):e72.","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1029","volume":"304","author":"L Morgenstern","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morgenstern L. Patient-centered care and informed consent. JAMA. 2010;304(4):410. author reply 410.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.04.002","volume":"16","author":"YR Montanholi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Montanholi YR, Fontoura AB, Diel de Amorim M, Foster RA, Chenier T, Miller SP. Seminal plasma protein concentrations vary with feed efficiency and fertility-related measures in young beef bulls. Reprod Biol. 2016;16(2):147\u201356.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1112923","volume":"367","author":"JS Saczynski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saczynski JS, Marcantonio ER, Quach L, Fong TG, Gross A, Inouye SK, Jones RN. Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(1):30\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5903_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.03.005","volume":"12","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inouye SK, Marcantonio ER, Kosar CM, Tommet D, Schmitt EM, Travison TG, Saczynski JS, Ngo LH, Alsop DC, Jones RN. The short-term and long-term relationship between delirium and cognitive trajectory in older surgical patients. Alzheimers Dement. 2016;12(7):766\u201375.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex130","volume":"119","author":"J Sprung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sprung J, Roberts RO, Weingarten TN, Nunes Cavalcante A, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR, Warner DO. Postoperative delirium in elderly patients is associated with subsequent cognitive impairment. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119(2):316\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005671","volume":"134","author":"LJ O\u2019Bryan","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Bryan LJ, Atkins KJ, Lipszyc A, Scott DA, Silbert BS, Evered LA. Inflammatory biomarker levels after Propofol or Sevoflurane anesthesia: A Meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2022;134(1):69\u201381.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"9","key":"5903_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.05.027","volume":"38","author":"AV Varsha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Varsha AV, Unnikrishnan KP, Saravana Babu MS, Raman SP, Koshy T. Comparison of Propofol-Based total intravenous anesthesia versus volatile anesthesia with Sevoflurane for postoperative delirium in adult coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: A prospective randomized Single-Blinded study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2024;38(9):1932\u201340.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"5903_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2009.06008.x","volume":"64","author":"S De Hert","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Hert S, Vlasselaers D, Barbe R, Ory JP, Dekegel D, Donnadonni R, Demeere JL, Mulier J, Wouters P. A comparison of volatile and Non volatile agents for cardioprotection during on-pump coronary surgery. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(9):953\u201360.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"11","key":"5903_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e328330e968","volume":"26","author":"J Zhu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhu J, Jiang X, Shi E, Ma H, Wang J. Sevoflurane preconditioning reverses impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation induced by myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(11):961\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"5903_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8639618","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8639618","volume":"2019","author":"JS Ye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ye JS, Chen L, Lu YY, Lei SQ, Peng M, Xia ZY. Honokiol-Mediated mitophagy ameliorates postoperative cognitive impairment induced by Surgery\/Sevoflurane via inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:8639618.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-018-0607-4","volume":"18","author":"ZY Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang ZY, Yuan CX. IL-17A promotes the neuroinflammation and cognitive function in Sevoflurane anesthetized aged rats via activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018;18(1):147.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.10.062","volume":"122","author":"T Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang T, Xu G, Newton PT, Chagin AS, Mkrtchian S, Carlstrom M, Zhang XM, Harris RA, Cooter M, Berger M, et al. Maresin 1 attenuates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(3):350\u201360.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"5903_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006257","volume":"136","author":"JL Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang JL, Zhang L, He LL, Yu H, Li XF, Dai SH, Yu H. Volatile versus total intravenous anesthesia on postoperative delirium in adult patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery: A randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2023;136(1):60\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"5903_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.22005","volume":"321","author":"TS Wildes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wildes TS, Mickle AM, Ben Abdallah A, Maybrier HR, Oberhaus J, Budelier TP, Kronzer A, McKinnon SL, Park D, Torres BA, et al. Effect of Electroencephalography-Guided anesthetic administration on postoperative delirium among older adults undergoing major surgery: the ENGAGES randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(5):473\u201383.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5903_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i98","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet055","volume":"110","author":"FM Radtke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Radtke FM, Franck M, Lendner J, Kruger S, Wernecke KD, Spies CD. Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110(Suppl 1):i98\u2013105.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu319","volume":"113","author":"D Hori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hori D, Brown C, Ono M, Rappold T, Sieber F, Gottschalk A, Neufeld KJ, Gottesman R, Adachi H, Hogue CW. Arterial pressure above the upper cerebral autoregulation limit during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with postoperative delirium. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(6):1009\u201317.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev256","volume":"115","author":"EM Wesselink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wesselink EM, Kappen TH, van Klei WA, Dieleman JM, van Dijk D, Slooter AJ. Intraoperative hypotension and delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(3):427\u201333.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"5903_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004517","volume":"130","author":"K Maheshwari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maheshwari K, Ahuja S, Khanna AK, Mao G, Perez-Protto S, Farag E, Turan A, Kurz A, Sessler DI. Association between perioperative hypotension and delirium in postoperative critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort analysis. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(3):636\u201343.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.05.018","volume":"131","author":"LA Evered","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evered LA, Scott DA, Sanders R. Volatile versus intravenous anaesthesia and perioperative neurocognitive disorders: anything to see here? Br J Anaesth. 2023;131(2):191\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"13","key":"5903_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1816476","volume":"380","author":"G Landoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Landoni G, Lomivorotov VV, Nigro Neto C, Monaco F, Pasyuga VV, Bradic N, Lembo R, Gazivoda G, Likhvantsev VV, Lei C, et al. Volatile anesthetics versus total intravenous anesthesia for cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(13):1214\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"5903_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3169","volume":"333","author":"M Jabaudon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jabaudon M, Quenot JP, Badie J, Audard J, Jaber S, Rieu B, Varillon C, Monsel A, Thouy F, Lorber J, et al. Inhaled sedation in acute respiratory distress syndrome: the SESAR randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;333(18):1608\u201317.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5903_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.01.015","volume":"1551","author":"N Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu N, Guo D, Wang H, Xie K, Wang C, Li Y, Wang C, Wang C, Yu Y, Wang G. Involvement of the blood-brain barrier opening in cognitive decline in aged rats following orthopedic surgery and high concentration of Sevoflurane inhalation. Brain Res. 2014;1551:13\u201324.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-014-0154-6","volume":"35","author":"Y Tian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tian Y, Guo S, Wu X, Ma L, Zhao X. Minocycline alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2015;35(4):585\u201394.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"5903_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-015-0130-9","volume":"15","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Feng H, Zhao T, Yan H, Zhang H, Zhao X. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after inhalational anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing major surgery: the influence of anesthetic technique, cerebral injury and systemic inflammation. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:154.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5903_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-0770(03)00161-7","volume":"17","author":"GA Rooke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rooke GA. Cardiovascular aging and anesthetic implications. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17(4):512\u201323.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"5903_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000793","volume":"32","author":"MG Irwin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irwin MG, Ip KY, Hui YM. Anaesthetic considerations in nonagenarians and centenarians. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2019;32(6):776\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5903_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2025.100740","volume":"6","author":"A Street","year":"2025","unstructured":"Street A, Maynou L, Blodgett JM, Conroy S. Association between hospital frailty risk score and length of hospital stay, hospital mortality, and hospital costs for all adults in england: a nationally representative, retrospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2025;6(8):100740.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5903_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2023221","volume":"53","author":"CSM Chau","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chau CSM, Ee SCE, Huang X, Siow WS, Tan MBH, Sim SKR, Chang TY, Kwok KM, Ng K, Yeo LF, et al. Frailty-aware surgical care: validation of hospital frailty risk score (HFRS) in older surgical patients. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2024;53(2):90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:03:16Z","timestamp":1774940596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-026-05903-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted using de-identified data obtained from the TriNetX Global Health Research Network. All data were anonymized in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). As no identifiable private information was accessed, institutional review board approval and informed consent were not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"130"}}