{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:41:30Z","timestamp":1792788090130,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Enhancement Project of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital","award":["No. CYTS2025A03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CYTS2025A03"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01eff5662","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007452","name":"Wu Jieping Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 320.6750.2024-22-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 320.6750.2024-22-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007452","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Care"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:24:41Z","timestamp":1789367081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nurse-led respiratory care bundle and pneumonia prevention in critically ill patients with abdominal sepsis: a multicenter before-and-after controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuefu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-024-00552-9","volume":"19","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Barie P, Agnoletti V, et al. Intra-abdominal infections survival guide: a position statement by the Global Alliance For Infections In Surgery. World J Emerg Surg. 2024;19(1):22.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07837-x","volume":"22","author":"CH Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park CH, Lee JW, Lee HJ, et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infection in the intensive care unit: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):953.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"6304_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137262","volume":"10","author":"F Philippart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Philippart F, Bouroche G, Timsit JF, et al. Decreased Risk of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Sepsis Due to Intra-Abdominal Infection. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):e0137262.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6304_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A280","DOI":"10.1186\/2197-425X-3-S1-A280","volume":"3","author":"A Hom Choudhuri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hom Choudhuri A, Bhatia Batra U, Harisinghani P, et al. Epidemiology of ventilator associated pneumonia (vap) in patients with abdominal sepsis. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2015;3(Suppl 1):A280.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"issue":"3","key":"6304_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2024.02.012","volume":"70","author":"I Boden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boden I, Reeve J, Jern\u00e5s A, et al. Preoperative physiotherapy prevents postoperative pulmonary complications after major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Physiother. 2024;70(3):216\u2013223.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"6","key":"6304_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1887","volume":"130","author":"P Pasquina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pasquina P, Tram\u00e8r MR, Walder B, et al. Respiratory physiotherapy to prevent pulmonary complications after abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Chest. 2006;130(6):1887\u20131899.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"6304_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.196","volume":"103","author":"J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J, Zhou R, Li Z, et al. Effect of nurse-led, goal-directed lung physiotherapy on prognosis of patients with sepsis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;103:167\u2013172.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6304_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2023.12.003","volume":"122","author":"L Van Der Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Der Lee L, Patman S, Hill AM. Development of a clinical practice guideline for physiotherapy management of adults invasively ventilated with community-acquired pneumonia. Physiotherapy. 2024;122:57\u201367.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"6304_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231200184","volume":"39","author":"H Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo H, Han W, Zhang J, et al. Effect of Improved Nursing Strategy on Prognosis of Immunosuppressed Patients With Pneumonia and Sepsis: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Intensive Care Med. 2024;39(3):257\u2013267.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"6304_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-017-0141-6","volume":"12","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:22.","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6304_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801\u2013810.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"6304_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","volume":"63","author":"AC Kalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of Adults With Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(5):e61\u2013e111.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"6304_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050482","volume":"23","author":"G Rajan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rajan G, Sleigh JW. Lymphocyte counts and the development of nosocomial sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(11):1187.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04245-0","volume":"26","author":"M Lindholz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lindholz M, Schellenberg CM, Grunow JJ, et al. Mobilisation of critically ill patients receiving norepinephrine: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):362.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"20","key":"6304_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.216405","volume":"130","author":"XT Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang XT, Lyu L, Tang B, et al. Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Ten Important Points of Understanding. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017;130(20):2498\u20132502.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6304_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2016.07.002","volume":"30","author":"A Haghighi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haghighi A, Shafipour V, Bagheri-Nesami M, et al. The impact of oral care on oral health status and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Aust Crit Care. 2017;30(2):69\u201373.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR17","first-page":"3","volume":"11","author":"M Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang M, Song Y, Pan L, et al. Evaluation of the effect of two active warming and humidifying high-flow oxygen therapy systems in patients with tracheotomy. Biomed Rep. 2019;11(1):3\u20138.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"6304_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913897","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.913897","volume":"10","author":"B Xiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiang B, Jiao S, Si Y, et al. Risk Factors for Postoperative Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:913897.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"6304_CR19","first-page":"45","volume":"30","author":"M Chughtai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chughtai M, Gwam CU, Khlopas A, et al. The Incidence of Postoperative Pneumonia in Various Surgical Subspecialties: A Dual Database Analysis. Surg Technol Int. 2017;30:45\u201351.","journal-title":"Surg Technol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0515-x","volume":"9","author":"JF Llitjos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Llitjos JF, Gassama A, Charpentier J, et al. Pulmonary infections prime the development of subsequent ICU-acquired pneumonia in septic shock. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):39.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0522-y","volume":"9","author":"A Regli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Regli A, Pelosi P, Malbrain MLNG. Ventilation in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension: what every critical care physician needs to know. Ann Intensive Care. 2019;9(1):52.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"6304_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.20.14325-6","volume":"86","author":"T Tonetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tonetti T, Cavalli I, Ranieri VM, et al. Respiratory consequences of intra-abdominal hypertension. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020;86(8):877\u2013883.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6304_CR23","first-page":"318","volume":"12","author":"MD Zilberberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Implementing quality improvements in the intensive care unit: ventilator bundle as an example. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):318.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405072","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2405072","volume":"56","author":"SB Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu SB, Wu HY, Duan ML, et al. Delirium in the ICU: how much do we know? A narrative review. Ann Med. 2024;56(1):2405072.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6304_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.01766","volume":"57","author":"RD Restrepo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Restrepo RD, Walsh BK. Humidification during invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation: 2012. Respir Care. 2012;57(5):782\u2013788.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1446-7","volume":"20","author":"D Chiumello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Brioni M, et al. Airway driving pressure and lung stress in ARDS patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):276.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9604014","volume":"157","author":"D Dreyfuss","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(1):294\u2013323.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6304_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2281","volume":"135","author":"D Lichtenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lichtenstein D, Meziere G, Seitz J. The dynamic air bronchogram. A lung ultrasound sign of alveolar consolidation ruling out atelectasis. Chest. 2009;135(6):1421\u20131425.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"6304_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1487-y","volume":"20","author":"G Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang G, Ji X, Xu Y, et al. Lung ultrasound: a promising tool to monitor ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):320.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"6304_CR30","first-page":"e617","volume":"52","author":"K Lewis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lewis K, Balas MC, Stollings JL, et al. A Focused Update to the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation\/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(12):e617\u2013e636.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1789563758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-026-06304-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1364-8535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1364-8535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the ethics committees. The retrospective component was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval No. I-24PJ1174). The prospective component was approved by the institutional ethics committees of all five participating centres, with corresponding approval numbers as follows: [Center 1, No. I-22PJ1104]; [Center 2, No. 2023BJYYEC-150-01]; [Center 3, No. Jilun [K2023] No. [195]-00]; [Center 4, No. IIT2023-007-002]; [Center 5, No. 2025\u2009\u2212\u2009869]. For the prospective component, written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legally authorized representatives before enrollment.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"478"}}