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However, most of these genetic loci affect regulatory regions, making the interpretation challenging. Chromatin conformation has a fundamental role in gene regulation and is frequently used to associate potential target genes to regulatory regions. However, previous studies mostly used small sample sizes and immortalized cell lines instead of primary cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here we present the most extensive dataset of chromatin conformation with matching gene expression and chromatin accessibility from primary CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells to date, isolated from psoriatic arthritis patients and healthy controls. We generated 108 Hi-C libraries (49 billion reads), 128 RNA-seq libraries and 126 ATAC-seq libraries. These data enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which GWAS variants impact gene regulation, revealing how genetic variation alters chromatin accessibility and structure in primary cells at an unprecedented scale. We refine the mapping of GWAS loci to implicated regulatory elements, such as CTCF binding sites and other enhancer elements, aiding gene assignment. We uncover\n                      <jats:italic>BCL2L11<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the probable causal gene within the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) locus rs13396472, despite the GWAS variants\u2019 intronic positioning relative to\n                      <jats:italic>ACOXL<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and we identify mechanisms involving\n                      <jats:italic>SESN3<\/jats:italic>\n                      dysregulation in the RA locus rs4409785.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given these genes\u2019 significant role in T cell development and maturation, our work deepens our comprehension of autoimmune disease pathogenesis, suggesting potential treatment targets. In addition, our dataset provides a valuable resource for the investigation of immune-mediated diseases and gene regulatory mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03492-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T05:12:00Z","timestamp":1739164320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi-omics analysis in primary T cells elucidates mechanisms behind disease-associated genetic loci"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Chenfu","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Frantzeskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Ferrazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Wynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan Malcolm","family":"Hum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muskan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadijah","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan Fu","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Plant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Grencis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Eyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Rattray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3479-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela","family":"Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3492_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buniello A, Macarthur JAL, Cerezo M, Harris LW, Hayhurst J, Malangone C, et al. 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