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Notably, this mechanism is crucial for controlling intracellular pathogens, with significant implications for both innate and adaptive immunity. In the context of HIV-1 infection, emerging evidence suggests that autophagy contributes to immune responses against the virus. Various compounds can modulate autophagy, among which vitamin D\u2083 is particularly effective due to its ability to prevent inflammation and slow HIV-1 disease progression. Indeed, vitamin D\u2083 contributes to regulating both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby modulating antiviral and antibacterial inflammatory responses. Importantly, vitamin D\u2083 deficiency is highly prevalent among people with HIV (PWH) and has been associated with an increased risk of severe disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this study, we investigated the relationship between serum vitamin D\u2083 levels and the expression of autophagy markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different categories of PWH: PWH under antiretroviral therapy (ART) with either normal vitamin D\u2083 levels or hypovitaminosis, and treatment-na\u00efve PWH with either normal vitamin D\u2083 levels or hypovitaminosis. Our results show that low vitamin D\u2083 blood levels is associated with lower expression of the main factors involved in the autophagy mechanism, particularly in treatment-na\u00efve PWH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings suggest that normal blood level of vitamin D\u2083 may play a crucial role in promoting autophagy in PWH. The observed differences in autophagy-related protein expression between ART-treated and untreated individuals underscore the intricate relationship between vitamin D\u2083 levels, ART exposure, and autophagic regulation. This is a preliminary exploration of the effects of vitamin D\u2083 on autophagy in PWH. Further studies are needed to deepen and explore the interplay between vitamin D\u2083 and autophagy in greater depth. A better understanding of these mechanisms could help to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating immune depletion and chronic inflammation, ultimately improving clinical outcomes for individuals living with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-025-00660-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T03:19:21Z","timestamp":1749784761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Autophagy is influenced by vitamin D3 level in people with HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Casetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ciccosanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpreet Kaur","family":"Lamsira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Pinnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Ciolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Amendola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Nardacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"660_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klionsky DJ, Abdel-Aziz AK, Abdelfatah S, Abdellatif M, Abdoli A, Abel S et al. 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Venous blood was collected from adult human subjects receiving care at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d. All participants provided written informed consent to be enrolled in the study (Ethics Committee approval n\u00b0 40\/2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"We confirmed that all authors have approved the manuscript for submission and publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"We declare that we have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"69"}}