{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:45:19Z","timestamp":1791153919543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,28]],"date-time":"2015-02-28T10:39:16Z","timestamp":1425119956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The gametocytocidal efficacy of primaquine in malaria asymptomatic carriers treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in The Gambia (PRINOGAM): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Okebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teun","family":"Bousema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Affara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GianLuca","family":"DiTanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice C","family":"Eziefula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Jawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Nwakanma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Amambua-Ngwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Van geertruyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70096-7","volume":"10","author":"WP O\u2019Meara","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara WP, Mangeni JN, Steketee R, Greenwood B. Changes in the burden of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:545\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"597_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12242","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012242","volume":"5","author":"SJ Ceesay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Nwakanma DC, Walther M, Gomez-Escobar N, Fulford AJ, et al. Continued decline of malaria in The Gambia with implications for elimination. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12242.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000402","volume":"8","author":"malERA Consultative Group on Drugs","year":"2011","unstructured":"malERA Consultative Group on Drugs. A research agenda for malaria eradication: drugs. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000402.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03660.x","volume":"17","author":"RD Gosling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gosling RD, Okell L, Mosha J, Chandramohan D. The role of antimalarial treatment in the elimination of malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1617\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-418","volume":"11","author":"N White","year":"2012","unstructured":"White N, Qiao L, Qi G, Luzzatto L. Rationale for recommending a lower dose of primaquine as a Plasmodium falciparum gametocytocide in populations where G6PD deficiency is common. Malar J. 2012;11:418.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-247","volume":"10","author":"SA Shekalaghe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shekalaghe SA, Drakeley C, van den Bosch S, ter Braak R, van den Bijllaardt W, Mwanziva C, et al. A cluster-randomized trial of mass drug administration with a gametocytocidal drug combination to interrupt malaria transmission in a low endemic area in Tanzania. Malar J. 2011;10:247.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001311","volume":"2","author":"B El-Sayed","year":"2007","unstructured":"El-Sayed B, El-Zaki SE, Babiker H, Gadalla N, Ageep T, Mansour F, et al. A randomized open-label trial of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine with or without primaquine for elimination of sub-microscopic P falciparum parasitaemia and gametocyte carriage in eastern Sudan. PLoS One. 2007;2:e1311.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70268-8","volume":"14","author":"AC Eziefula","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eziefula AC, Bousema T, Yeung S, Kamya M, Owaraganise A, Gabagaya G, et al. Single dose primaquine for clearance of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in children with uncomplicated malaria in Uganda: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, dose-ranging trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:130\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"597_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02889-14","volume":"58","author":"AC Eziefula","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eziefula AC, Pett H, Grignard L, Opus S, Kiggundu M, Kamya MR, et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status and risk of hemolysis in Plasmodium falciparum-infected African children receiving single-dose primaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4971\u20133.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1023","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001023","volume":"2","author":"S Shekalaghe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shekalaghe S, Drakeley C, Gosling R, Ndaro A, van Meegeren M, Enevold A, et al. Primaquine clears submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes that persist after treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and artesunate. PLoS One. 2007;2:e1023.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010020","volume":"1","author":"S Dunyo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dunyo S, Milligan P, Edwards T, Sutherland C, Targett G, Pinder M. Gametocytaemia after drug treatment of asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Clin Trials. 2006;1:20.","journal-title":"PLoS Clin Trials"},{"key":"597_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90056-7","volume":"94","author":"CJ Drakeley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drakeley CJ, Akim NI, Sauerwein RW, Greenwood BM, Targett GA. Estimates of the infectious reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in The Gambia and in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:472\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.45","volume":"11","author":"KA Lindblade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lindblade KA, Steinhardt L, Samuels A, Kachur SP, Slutsker L. The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;11:623\u201339.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-438","volume":"12","author":"K Kast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kast K, Berens-Riha N, Zeynudin A, Abduselam N, Eshetu T, Loscher T, et al. Evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte detection in different patient material. Malar J. 2013;12:438.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-S1-S8","volume":"7","author":"N White","year":"2008","unstructured":"White N. The role of anti-malarial drugs in eliminating malaria. Malar J. 2008;7:S8.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61654-2","volume":"372","author":"SJ Ceesay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ceesay SJ, Casals-Pascual C, Erskine J, Anya SE, Duah NO, Fulford AJ, et al. Changes in malaria indices between 1999 and 2007 in The Gambia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet. 2008;372:1545\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-147","volume":"12","author":"M Pinder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pinder M, Jawara M, Jarju LB, Kandeh B, Jeffries D, Lluberas MF, et al. To assess whether indoor residual spraying can provide additional protection against clinical malaria over current best practice of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets in The Gambia: study protocol for a two-armed cluster-randomised trial. Trials. 2011;12:147.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813555","volume":"94","author":"CJ Drakeley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Drakeley CJ, Flobbe K, Greenwood BM, Targett GA. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in Gambian adults. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000;94:399\u2013401.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"597_CR19","unstructured":"Ou\u00e9draogo AL, Guelb\u00e9ogo WM, Cohuet A, Morlais I, King JG, Gon\u00e7alves BP, et al. Methodology: a protocol for membrane feeding assays to determine the infectiousness of P. falciparum naturally infected individuals to Anopheles gambiae. Malaria World J. 2013;4."},{"key":"597_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.626","volume":"76","author":"AL Ouedraogo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ouedraogo AL, Schneider P, de Kruijf M, Nebie I, Verhave JP, Cuzin-Ouattara N, et al. Age-dependent distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes quantified by Pfs25 real-time QT-NASBA in a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;76:626\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-136","volume":"9","author":"T Bousema","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bousema T, Okell L, Shekalaghe S, Griffin JT, Omar S, Sawa P, et al. Revisiting the circulation time of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: molecular detection methods to estimate the duration of gametocyte carriage and the effect of gametocytocidal drugs. Malar J. 2010;9:136.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-57","volume":"9","author":"J Song","year":"2010","unstructured":"Song J, Socheat D, Tan B, Dara P, Deng C, Sokunthea S, et al. Rapid and effective malaria control in Cambodia through mass administration of artemisinin-piperaquine. Malar J. 2010;9:57.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-159","volume":"8","author":"S Lawpoolsri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawpoolsri S, Klein EY, Singhasivanon P, Yimsamran S, Thanyavanich N, Maneeboonyang W, et al. Optimally timing primaquine treatment to reduce Plasmodium falciparum transmission in low endemicity Thai-Myanmar border populations. Malar J. 2009;8:159.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR24","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.","edition":"2"},{"key":"597_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00626","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00626","volume":"2","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Churcher TS, Bousema T, Walker M, Drakeley C, Schneider P, Ou\u00e9draogo AL, et al. Predicting mosquito infection from Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and estimating the reservoir of infection. eLife. 2013;2:e00626.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"597_CR26","volume-title":"Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual, vol. 1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2008","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual, vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008."},{"key":"597_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3364","volume":"12","author":"T Bousema","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bousema T, Okell L, Felger I, Drakeley C. Asymptomatic malaria infections: detectability, transmissibility and public health relevance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014;12:833\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001339","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001339","volume":"9","author":"RE Howes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howes RE, Piel FB, Patil AP, Nyangiri OA, Gething PW, Dewi M, et al. G6PD deficiency prevalence and estimates of affected populations in malaria endemic countries: a geostatistical model-based map. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001339.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"597_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-148","volume":"13","author":"J Okebe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okebe J, Amambua-Ngwa A, Parr J, Nishimura S, Daswani M, Takem EN, et al. The prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Gambian school children. Malar J. 2014;13:148.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01135-09","volume":"54","author":"SA Shekalaghe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shekalaghe SA, ter Braak R, Daou M, Kavishe R, van den Bijllaardt W, van den Bosch S, et al. In Tanzania, hemolysis after a single dose of primaquine coadministered with an artemisinin is not restricted to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient (G6PD A-) individuals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1762\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"597_CR31","volume":"9","author":"PM Graves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graves PM, Gelband H, Garner P. Primaquine for reducing Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9, CD008152.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"597_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A research agenda for malaria eradication: drugs. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1000402.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000402"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T22:51:50Z","timestamp":1553640710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0597-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 March 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"70"}}