{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:49:43Z","timestamp":1781916583381,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1241-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T19:33:03Z","timestamp":1457724783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Community and District Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES): a complex district-level management intervention to improve child survival in Uganda: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Waiswa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danstan","family":"Bagenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pricila","family":"Mullachery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Mpanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcus Kiwanuka","family":"Henriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Ruhweza","family":"Katahoire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Ssegujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony K.","family":"Mbonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan Swartling","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1241_CR1","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN-DESA Population Division. Levels and trends in child mortality. New York, New York, 10017 USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, 3 UN Plaza; 2015."},{"key":"1241_CR2","unstructured":"UNICEF. The state of the world\u2019s children. New York, NY 10017, USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, 3 United Nations Plaza; 2012."},{"key":"1241_CR3","unstructured":"UNICEF, Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. New York, New York, 10017 USA: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, 3 UN Plaza; 2011."},{"issue":"9714","key":"1241_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62060-2","volume":"375","author":"J Bryce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bryce J et al. The Accelerated Child Survival and Development programme in west Africa: a retrospective evaluation. Lancet. 2010;375(9714):572\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1241_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.10.003","volume":"75","author":"L Kapiriri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kapiriri L, Bondy SJ. Health practitioners\u2019 and health planners\u2019 information needs and seeking behavior for decision making in Uganda. Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(10):714\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"11","key":"1241_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.023","volume":"102","author":"S Kiwanuka","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiwanuka S et al. Access to and utilisation of health services for the poor in Uganda: a systematic review of available evidence. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(11):1067\u201374.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1241_CR7","first-page":"239","volume":"3","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Okamoto M et al. Developing institutional capacity of health service system management at the district level in rural Cambodia. Biosci Trends. 2009;3(6):239\u201346.","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"1241_CR8","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Decentralized supervision of community health program using LQAS in two districts of southern Nepal. Community-based health care: lessons from Bangladesh to Boston","author":"JJ Valadez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Valadez JJ, Devkota BR. Decentralized supervision of community health program using LQAS in two districts of southern Nepal. Community-based health care: lessons from Bangladesh to Boston. Boston: Management Sciences for Health; 2002. p. 26."},{"issue":"3","key":"1241_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039495","volume":"86","author":"C Suraratdecha","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suraratdecha C et al. Cost and effectiveness analysis of immunization service delivery support in Andhra Pradesh, India. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(3):221\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"issue":"2","key":"1241_CR10","first-page":"295","volume":"56","author":"T Tanahashi","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tanahashi T. Health service coverage and its evaluation. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56(2):295.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1241_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8510(02)00164-1","volume":"64","author":"CO Oyaya","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oyaya CO, Rifkin SB. Health sector reforms in Kenya: an examination of district level planning. Health Policy. 2003;64(1):113\u201327.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1241_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.597","volume":"15","author":"A Jeppsson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jeppsson A, Okuonzi SA. Vertical or holistic decentralization of the health sector? Experiences from Zambia and Uganda. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2000;15(4):273\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"1241_CR13","volume-title":"Marginal budgeting for bottlenecks: a new costing and resource allocation practice to buy health results","author":"A Soucat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Soucat A et al. Marginal budgeting for bottlenecks: a new costing and resource allocation practice to buy health results. Washington: World Bank; 2002."},{"key":"1241_CR14","unstructured":"UNICEF\/MSH. Strengthening district management capacity for planning, implementation andmonitoring for results with equity. The DIVA Guidebook; 2010."},{"key":"1241_CR15","unstructured":"Mills A, Fawzia R, Tollman S. Strengthening health systems. In: Jamison TD, et al., editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. Oxford University Press; 165 Madison Avenue New York NY 10016; 2006."},{"key":"1241_CR16","unstructured":"Viteri MA. Evaluation of the Latin American and Caribbean Maximizing Access and Quality Exchange. Evaluation Report. Published for the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) by the Quality Assurance Project. Washington, USA; 2005."},{"key":"1241_CR17","unstructured":"Marquez L, Keane L: Making Supervision Supportive and Sustainable: New Approaches to Old Problems . Management and Leadership Program, Produced for the Maximizing Access and Quality Initiative (MAQ)(Edited by: Health MS). Published by Management Sciences for Health [MSH],. Supplement to Population Reports, Volume XXX, No. 4. 2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"1241_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2190\/V152-4248-2384-8440","volume":"25","author":"WB Ward","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ward WB, Neumann AK, Pappoe ME. Community health education in rural Ghana: the Danfa Project \u2013 an assessment of accomplishments. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2005;25(1):37\u201348.","journal-title":"Int Q Community Health Educ"},{"issue":"8","key":"1241_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-8-199804150-00009","volume":"128","author":"DM Berwick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berwick DM. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128(8):651\u20136.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1241_CR20","unstructured":"Langley GJ, et al. The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, New Jersey, USA; 2009."},{"issue":"8","key":"1241_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/00220380500187075","volume":"41","author":"J Akin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akin J, Hutchinson P, Strumpf K. Decentralisation and government provision of public goods: The public health sector in Uganda. J Dev Stud. 2005;41(8):1417\u201343.","journal-title":"J Dev Stud"},{"issue":"7","key":"1241_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00144-6","volume":"49","author":"B McPake","year":"1999","unstructured":"McPake B et al. Informal economic activities of public health workers in Uganda: implications for quality and accessibility of care. Soc Sci Med. 1999;49(7):849\u201365.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1241_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/14.1.59","volume":"14","author":"IA Agyepong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agyepong IA. Reforming health service delivery at district level in Ghana: the perspective of a district medical officer. Health Policy Plan. 1999;14(1):59\u201369.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-016-1241-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]],"date-time":"2017-06-24T08:10:28Z","timestamp":1498291828000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.trialsjournal.com\/content\/17\/1\/135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-016-1241-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"article-number":"135"}}