{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:21:08Z","timestamp":1783959668992,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P30AI050410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30AI050410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI027763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI027763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1D43TW009532-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1D43TW009532-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00MH093201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00MH093201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]],"date-time":"2017-10-02T15:24:15Z","timestamp":1506957855000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Crowdsourcing to promote HIV testing among MSM in China: study protocol for a stepped wedge randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"name":"SESH Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2183_CR1","first-page":"CD009337","volume":"9","author":"C Wei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wei C, Herrick A, Raymond HF, Anglemyer A, Gerbase A, Noar SM. Social marketing interventions to increase HIV\/STI testing uptake among men who have sex with men and male-to-female transgender women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD009337.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2183_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.07.022","volume":"43","author":"SS Bull","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bull SS, Levine DK, Black SR, Schmiege SJ, Santelli J. Social media-delivered sexual health intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012;43(5):467\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2183_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000349","volume":"42","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Kim JA, Liu F, Tso LS, Tang W, Wei C, et al. Creative contributory contests to spur innovation in sexual health: 2 cases and a guide for implementation. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(11):625\u20138.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2183_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1988","volume":"14","author":"M Swan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swan M. Crowdsourced health research studies: an important emerging complement to clinical trials in the public health research ecosystem. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(2):e46.","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2183_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.07.012","volume":"44","author":"JA Naslund","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naslund JA, Aschbrenner KA, Marsch LA, McHugo GJ, Bartels SJ. Crowdsourcing for conducting randomized trials of internet delivered interventions in people with serious mental illness: a systematic review. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;44:77\u201388.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2183_CR6","unstructured":"Surowiecki J. The wisdom of crowds. New York: Anchor; 2004."},{"issue":"2","key":"2183_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839912470654","volume":"14","author":"C Parvanta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parvanta C, Roth Y, Keller H. Crowdsourcing 101: a few basics to make you the leader of the pack. Health Promot Pract. 2013;14(2):163\u20137.","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2183_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2536-8","volume":"29","author":"BL Ranard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranard BL, Ha YP, Meisel ZF, Asch DA, Hill SS, Becker LB, et al. Crowdsourcing--harnessing the masses to advance health and medicine, a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(1):187\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"181","key":"2183_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181ra50","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005974","volume":"5","author":"WY Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng WY, Ou Yang TH, Anastassiou D. Development of a prognostic model for breast cancer survival in an open challenge environment. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(181):181ra50.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2183_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3051","volume":"33","author":"R Kuffner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuffner R, Zach N, Norel R, Hawe J, Schoenfeld D, Wang L, et al. Crowdsourced analysis of clinical trial data to predict amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(1):51\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2183_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2006.18.1.33","volume":"18","author":"KH Choi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Choi KH, Lui H, Guo Y, Han L, Mandel JS. Lack of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China. AIDS Educ Prev. 2006;18(1):33\u201343.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2183_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9861-2","volume":"15","author":"H Fay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fay H, Baral SD, Trapence G, Motimedi F, Umar E, Iipinge S, et al. Stigma, health care access, and HIV knowledge among men who have sex with men in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1088\u201397.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2183_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32832c3bb3","volume":"4","author":"F van Griensven","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Griensven F, de Lind van Wijngaarden JW, Baral S, Grulich A. The global epidemic of HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2009;4(4):300\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"2183_CR14","unstructured":"Arreola SHP, Makofane K, Beck J, Ayala G. Access to HIV prevention and treatment for men who have sex with men: findings from the 2012 global men\u2019s health and rights survey (GMHR). Oakland; 2012. \n                    http:\/\/msmgf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/GMHR_2012.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2183_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181baf111","volume":"52","author":"PC Adam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adam PC, de Wit JB, Toskin I, Mathers BM, Nashkhoev M, Zablotska I, et al. Estimating levels of HIV testing, HIV prevention coverage, HIV knowledge, and condom use among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low-income and middle-income countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52 Suppl 2:S143\u201351.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2183_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607261","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/607261","volume":"2014","author":"EP Chow","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chow EP, Lau JT, Zhuang X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang L. HIV prevalence trends, risky behaviours, and governmental and community responses to the epidemic among men who have sex with men in China. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:607261.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2183_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0225-y","volume":"16","author":"H Zou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zou H, Hu N, Xin Q, Beck J. HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(7):1717\u201328.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2183_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000269","volume":"42","author":"J Best","year":"2015","unstructured":"Best J, Tang W, Zhang Y, Han L, Liu F, Huang S, et al. Sexual behaviors and HIV\/syphilis testing among transgender individuals in China: implications for expanding HIV testing services. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(5):281\u20135.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2183_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2011.00974.x","volume":"13","author":"EP Chow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chow EP, Wilson DP, Zhang L. The rate of HIV testing is increasing among men who have sex with men in China. HIV Med. 2012;13(5):255\u201363.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2183_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0601-5","volume":"14","author":"JD Tucker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tucker JD, Muessig KE, Cui R, Bien CH, Lo EJ, Lee R, et al. Organizational characteristics of HIV\/syphilis testing services for men who have sex with men in South China: a social entrepreneurship analysis and implications for creating sustainable service models. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):601.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2183_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11104","volume":"9","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang L, Gray RT, Wilson DP. Modelling the epidemiological impact of scaling up HIV testing and antiretroviral treatment in China. Sex Health. 2012;9(3):261\u201371.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2183_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw171","volume":"62","author":"W Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang W, Han L, Best J, Zhang Y, Mollan K, Kim J, et al. Crowdsourcing HIV test promotion videos: a noninferiority randomized controlled trial in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(11):1436\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2183_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang W, Schaffer D, Tso LS, Tang S, Tang W, Huang S, Yang B, Tucker JD. Innovation contests to promote sexual health in china: a qualitative evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):78.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-4006-9"},{"key":"2183_CR24","volume-title":"Reimagining health communication: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial of crowdsourcing in China","author":"W Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang W, Mao J, Liu C, Mollan K, Li H, Wong T, et al. Reimagining health communication: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial of crowdsourcing in China. International AIDS Society: Durban; 2016."},{"key":"2183_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g6694","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6694","volume":"349","author":"P Sedgwick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sedgwick P. Explanatory trials versus pragmatic trials. BMJ. 2014;349:g6694.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2183_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.156406","volume":"94","author":"W Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng W, Cai Y, Tang W, Zhong F, Meng G, Gu J, et al. Providing HIV-related services in China for men who have sex with men. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):222\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2183_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han L, Wei C, Muessig KE, Bien CH, Meng G, Emch ME, Tucker JD. HIV test uptake among MSM in China: Implications for enhanced HIV test promotion campaigns among key populations. Glob Public Health. 2017;12(1):31\u201344.","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1134612"},{"issue":"7","key":"2183_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001266","volume":"9","author":"JD Tucker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tucker JD, Fenton KA, Peckham R, Peeling RW. Social entrepreneurship for sexual health (SESH): a new approach for enabling delivery of sexual health services among most-at-risk populations. PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001266.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2183_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1070.0273","volume":"26","author":"O Toubia","year":"1987","unstructured":"Toubia O, Flores L. Adaptive idea screening using consumers. Mark Sci. 1987;26:342\u201360.","journal-title":"Mark Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2183_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0461-1","volume":"40","author":"A Walker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walker A, Ko N. Bringing medicine to the digital age via hackathons and beyond. J Med Syst. 2016;40(4):98.","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2183_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462314000324","volume":"30","author":"JW DePasse","year":"2014","unstructured":"DePasse JW, Carroll R, Ippolito A, Yost A, Santorino D, Chu Z, et al. Less noise, more hacking: how to deploy principles from MIT\u2019s hacking medicine to accelerate health care. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2014;30(3):260\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2183_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.05.007","volume":"28","author":"MA Hussey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hussey MA, Hughes JP. Design and analysis of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007;28(2):182\u201391.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2183_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6325","volume":"34","author":"K Hemming","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hemming K, Lilford R, Girling AJ. Stepped\u2010wedge cluster randomised controlled trials: a generic framework including parallel and multiple\u2010level designs. Stat Med. 2015;34(2):181\u201396.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2183_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/16-AOAS969","volume":"11","author":"X Ji","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ji X, Fink G, Robyn PJ, Small DS. Randomization inference for stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials: an application to community-based health insurance. Ann Appl Stat. 2017;11(1):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Appl Stat"},{"key":"2183_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","volume":"346","author":"AW Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Gotzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346:e7586.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2258-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508716800000}}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T11:12:11Z","timestamp":1589541131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2183-1","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2258-z","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2017","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A correction to this article has been published.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval has been obtained from the following institutional ethical review boards prior to study enrollment: Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STI Control (15), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (16-0851), and University of California San Francisco (14-14887). All participants will provide consent prior to taking part in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Drs. Fenton, Peeling, Tucker, and Tang are all advisors to the SESH organization that uses crowdsourcing to improve health services. They undertake this on a voluntary basis and receive no compensation or other benefits. The authors declare that they have no other financial or other competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"447"}}