{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:13:35Z","timestamp":1793830415889,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Global Health Trials Scheme of the Department for International Development, UK (DFID), the Wellcome Trust and the UK Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/L004445\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/L004445\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1524137321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Shorter treatment for minimal tuberculosis (TB) in children (SHINE): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"name":"on behalf of the SHINE trial team","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chishala","family":"Chabala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Turkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Thomason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Wobudeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed","family":"Hissar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Mave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"van der Zalm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Kapasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perumal K.","family":"Bhavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarath","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka A.","family":"Raichur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Hoddinott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Owen-Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Kinikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Musoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Aarnoutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"McIlleron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Hesseling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Crook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Gibb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2608_CR1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2017","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"2608_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1086\/595012","volume":"48","author":"AC Hesseling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hesseling AC, Cotton MF, Jennings T, Whitelaw A, Johnson LF, Eley B, Roux P, Godfrey-Faussett P, Schaaf HS. High incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected infants: evidence from a South African population-based study highlights the need for improved tuberculosis control strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):108\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2608_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.143271","volume":"99","author":"HS Schaaf","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Brittle W, Donald PR. Surveillance of antituberculosis drug resistance among children from the Western Cape Province of South Africa\u2014an upward trend. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(8):1486\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"2608_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-140","volume":"7","author":"HS Schaaf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schaaf HS, Marais BJ, Whitelaw A, Hesseling AC, Eley B, Hussey GD, Donald PR. Culture-confirmed childhood tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa: a review of 596 cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:140.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2608_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e898","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9","volume":"5","author":"PJ Dodd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA, Jenkins HE. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e898\u2013906.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"2608_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliwa JN, Karumbi JM, Marais BJ, Madhi SA, Graham SM.\u00a0Tuberculosis as a cause or comorbidity of childhood pneumonia in tuberculosis-endemic areas: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:235\u201343.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00028-4"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2608_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S1-S5","volume":"14","author":"E Venturini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Venturini E, Turkova A, Chiappini E, Galli L, de Martino M, Thorne C. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(Suppl 1):S5.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2608_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050176","volume":"5","author":"WJ Burman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burman WJ, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Walker AS, Vernon AA, Donald PR. Ensuring the involvement of children in the evaluation of new tuberculosis treatment regimens. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8):e176.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2608_CR9","first-page":"392","volume":"8","author":"BJ Marais","year":"2004","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Obihara CC, Starke JJ, Enarson DA, Donald PR, Beyers N. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2004;8(4):392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2608_CR10","first-page":"39","volume":"77","author":"EM Lincoln","year":"1958","unstructured":"Lincoln EM, Harris LC, Bovornkitti S, Carretero RW. Endobronchial tuberculosis in children, a study of 156 patients. Am Rev Tubercul. 1958;77(1):39\u201361.","journal-title":"Am Rev Tubercul."},{"key":"2608_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Enarson DA, Beyers N. The bacteriologic yield in children with intrathoracic tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(8):e69\u2013e71.","DOI":"10.1086\/502652"},{"issue":"7","key":"2608_CR12","first-page":"732","volume":"10","author":"BJ Marais","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Enarson DA, Beyers N. The spectrum of disease in children treated for tuberculosis in a highly endemic area. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2006;10(7):732\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2608_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930091995","volume":"20","author":"HC Weber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weber HC, Beyers N, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Fish T, Donald PR. The clinical and radiological features of tuberculosis in adolescents. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2000;20(1):5\u201310.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr."},{"issue":"9454","key":"2608_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17702-2","volume":"365","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zar HJ, Hanslo D, Apolles P, Swingler G, Hussey G. Induced sputum versus gastric lavage for microbiological confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children: a prospective study. Lancet. 2005;365(9454):130\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(77)90035-6","volume":"58","author":"TG Fox","year":"1977","unstructured":"Fox TG. Occult tuberculous infection in children. Tubercle. 1977;58(2):91\u20136.","journal-title":"Tubercle."},{"issue":"5","key":"2608_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955934","volume":"150","author":"M Toppet","year":"1991","unstructured":"Toppet M, Malfroot A, Hofman B, Casimir G, Cantraine F, Dab I. Tuberculosis in children: a 13-year follow up of 1714 patients in a Belgian home care centre. Eur J Pediatr. 1991;150(5):331\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2608_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199503000-00004","volume":"14","author":"HS Schaaf","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schaaf HS, Beyers N, Gie RP, Nel ED, Smuts NA, Scott FE, Donald PR, Fourie PB. Respiratory tuberculosis in childhood: the diagnostic value of clinical features and special investigations. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(3):189\u201394.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2608_CR18","volume-title":"Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children","author":"WHO","year":"2014","unstructured":"WHO. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2014.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"2608_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.72.6.801","volume":"72","author":"RS Abernathy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Abernathy RS, Dutt AK, Stead WW, Moers DJ. Short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis in children. Pediatrics. 1983;72(6):801\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200202000-00002","volume":"21","author":"FS Al-Dossary","year":"2002","unstructured":"Al-Dossary FS, Ong LT, Correa AG, Starke JR. Treatment of childhood tuberculosis with a six month directly observed regimen of only two weeks of daily therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21(2):91\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2608_CR21","unstructured":"Ramachandran P, Kripasankar AS, Duraipandian M. Short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Indian J Tuber. 1998;45(2):83\u201387."},{"issue":"6","key":"2608_CR22","first-page":"693","volume":"9","author":"S Swaminathan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swaminathan S, Raghavan A, Duraipandian M, Kripasankar AS, Ramachandran P. Short-course chemotherapy for paediatric respiratory tuberculosis: 5-year report. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2005;9(6):693\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2608_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S179","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ581","volume":"61","author":"SM Graham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graham SM, Cuevas LE, Jean-Philippe P, Browning R, Casenghi M, Detjen AK, Gnanashanmugam D, Hesseling AC, Kampmann B, Mandalakas A, et al. Clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 3):S179\u201387.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"2608_CR24","unstructured":"WHO. Rapid Advice: Treatment of tuberculosis in children. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2010."},{"issue":"11","key":"2608_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1086\/598192","volume":"48","author":"H McIlleron","year":"2009","unstructured":"McIlleron H, Willemse M, Werely CJ, Hussey GD, Schaaf HS, Smith PJ, Donald PR. Isoniazid plasma concentrations in a cohort of South African children with tuberculosis: implications for international pediatric dosing guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(11):1547\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2608_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.052175","volume":"90","author":"HS Schaaf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schaaf HS, Parkin DP, Seifart HI, Werely CJ, Hesseling PB, van Helden PD, Maritz JS, Donald PR. Isoniazid pharmacokinetics in children treated for respiratory tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(6):614\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.407-413.2006","volume":"50","author":"SM Graham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graham SM, Bell DJ, Nyirongo S, Hartkoorn R, Ward SA, Molyneux EM. Low levels of pyrazinamide and ethambutol in children with tuberculosis and impact of age, nutritional status, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(2):407\u201313.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"9","key":"2608_CR28","first-page":"1106","volume":"13","author":"S Thee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thee S, Detjen A, Wahn U, Magdorf K. Rifampicin serum levels in childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2009;13(9):1106\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"2608_CR29","first-page":"1099","volume":"12","author":"S Thee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thee S, Detjen A, Wahn U, Magdorf K. Pyrazinamide serum levels in childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2008;12(9):1099\u2013101.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"2608_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05429-11","volume":"55","author":"S Thee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thee S, Seddon JA, Donald PR, Seifart HI, Werely CJ, Hesseling AC, Rosenkranz B, Roll S, Magdorf K, Schaaf HS. Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in children younger than two years of age with tuberculosis: evidence for implementation of revised World Health Organization recommendations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(12):5560\u20137.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"2608_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02600-15","volume":"60","author":"A Bekker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bekker A, Schaaf HS, Draper HR, van der Laan L, Murray S, Wiesner L, Donald PR, McIlleron HM, Hesseling AC. Pharmacokinetics of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in infants dosed according to revised WHO-recommended treatment guidelines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(4):2171\u20139.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"2608_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0833","volume":"20","author":"H McIlleron","year":"2016","unstructured":"McIlleron H, Hundt H, Smythe W, Bekker A, Winckler J, van der Laan L, Smith P, Zar HJ, Hesseling AC, Maartens G, et al. Bioavailability of two licensed paediatric rifampicin suspensions: implications for quality control programmes. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis. 2016;20(7):915\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Tubercul Lung Dis."},{"key":"2608_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Detjen A, Mac\u00e9 C, Perrin C, Graham SM, Grzemska M. Adoption of revised dosage recommendations for childhood tuberculosis in countries with different childhood tuberculosis burdens. Public Health Action. 2012; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/pha.12.0052 . [Accessed 28 Dec 2017]","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.12.0052"},{"key":"2608_CR34","volume-title":"TB Alliance, Unitaid","author":"TB-Alliance-and-Unitaid","year":"2017","unstructured":"TB-Alliance-and-Unitaid. New pathways for childhood TB treatment\u2014Lessons from the STEP TB Project. In: TB Alliance, Unitaid; 2017."},{"key":"2608_CR35","unstructured":"New fixed-dose-combinations for the treatment of TB in children. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/FDC_Factsheet.pdf . [Accessed 28 Dec 2017]"},{"key":"2608_CR36","volume-title":"Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing hiv infection\u2014recommendation for a public health approach","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing hiv infection\u2014recommendation for a public health approach. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2016.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"5","key":"2608_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181642257","volume":"47","author":"Y Ren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ren Y, Nuttall JJ, Egbers C, Eley BS, Meyers TM, Smith PJ, Maartens G, McIlleron HM. Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(5):566\u20139.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2608_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214901","volume":"370","author":"M Bwakura-Dangarembizi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Kendall L, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Nahirya-Ntege P, Keishanyu R, Nathoo K, Spyer MJ, Kekitiinwa A, Lutaakome J, Mhute T, et al. A randomized trial of prolonged co-trimoxazole in HIV-infected children in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(1):41\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2608_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283550e20","volume":"26","author":"JM Oudijk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oudijk JM, McIlleron H, Mulenga V, Chintu C, Merry C, Walker AS, Cook A, Gibb DM, Burger DM. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children under 3 years on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment. AIDS. 2012;26(12):1523\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"1","key":"2608_CR40","first-page":"23","volume":"130","author":"Hong Kong Chest Service\/Madras Tuberculaosis Rearsrch Centre\/British MRC","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hong Kong Chest Service\/Madras Tuberculaosis Rearsrch Centre\/British MRC. A controlled trial of 2-month, 3-month, and 12-month regimens of chemotherapy for sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Results at 60 months. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130(1):23\u20138.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2608_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.4.871","volume":"139","author":"Hong Kong Chest Service\/Madras Tuberculaosis Rearsrch Centre\/British MRC","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hong Kong Chest Service\/Madras Tuberculaosis Rearsrch Centre\/British MRC. A controlled trial of 3-month, 4-month, and 6-month regimens of chemotherapy for sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Results at 5 years. Hong Kong Chest Service\/Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras\/British Medical Research Council. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;139(4):871\u20136.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V31N2p175","volume":"31","author":"SK Teo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Teo SK, Tan KK, Khoo TK. Four-month chemotherapy in the treatment of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: results at 30 to 60 months. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2002;31(2):175\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap."},{"key":"2608_CR43","volume-title":"Tuberculosis control workskop report and revision of \u2018Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programs\u2019","author":"WHO","year":"1995","unstructured":"WHO. Tuberculosis control workskop report and revision of \u2018Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programs\u2019. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1995."},{"issue":"17","key":"2608_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1315817","volume":"371","author":"CS Merle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Merle CS, Fielding K, Sow OB, Gninafon M, Lo MB, Mthiyane T, Odhiambo J, Amukoye E, Bah B, Kassa F, et al. A four-month gatifloxacin-containing regimen for treating tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1588\u201398.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"2608_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407426","volume":"371","author":"SH Gillespie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gillespie SH, Crook AM, McHugh TD, Mendel CM, Meredith SK, Murray SR, Pappas F, Phillips PP, Nunn AJ. Four-month moxifloxacin-based regimens for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1577\u201387.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"17","key":"2608_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1314210","volume":"371","author":"A Jindani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jindani A, Harrison TS, Nunn AJ, Phillips PP, Churchyard GJ, Charalambous S, Hatherill M, Geldenhuys H, McIlleron HM, Zvada SP, et al. High-dose rifapentine with moxifloxacin for pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1599\u2013608.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"2608_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800971","volume":"359","author":"A Violari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Violari A, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Babiker AG, Steyn J, Madhi SA, Jean-Philippe P, McIntyre JA. Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2233\u201344.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir772","volume":"54","author":"JA Seddon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Willemse M, Donald PR, Schaaf HS. Culture-confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: clinical features, treatment, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(2):157\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2608_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2011.02.004","volume":"91","author":"PR Donald","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donald PR, Maritz JS, Diacon AH. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rifampicin in adults and children in relation to the dosage recommended for children. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2011;91(3):196\u2013207.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)."},{"issue":"2","key":"2608_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905512Y.0000000008","volume":"32","author":"HS Schaaf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schaaf HS, Cilliers K, Willemse M, Labadarios D, Kidd M, Donald PR. Nutritional status and its response to treatment of children, with and without HIV infection, hospitalized for the management of tuberculosis. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32(2):74\u201381.","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2608_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318243e27b","volume":"31","author":"CA Wiseman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiseman CA, Gie RP, Starke JR, Schaaf HS, Donald PR, Cotton MF, Hesseling AC. A proposed comprehensive classification of tuberculosis disease severity in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(4):347\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"2608_CR52","unstructured":"EuroQuol: EQ-5D\u2122 a standardised instrument for use as a measure of health outcome. 2015.\u00a0 https:\/\/euroqol.org\/eq-5d-instruments\/ . Accessed 6 Apr 2018."},{"issue":"9875","key":"2608_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62198-9","volume":"381","author":"A Kekitiinwa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kekitiinwa A, Cook A, Nathoo K, Mugyenyi P, Nahirya-Ntege P, Bakeera-Kitaka S, Thomason M, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Musiime V, Munderi P, et al. Routine versus clinically driven laboratory monitoring and first-line antiretroviral therapy strategies in African children with HIV (ARROW): a 5-year open-label randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9875):1391\u2013403.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2608_CR54","volume-title":"European Commission","author":"European-Commission","year":"2001","unstructured":"European-Commission. EU Directive 2001\/20\/EC Article 2. In: European Commission; 2001."},{"key":"2608_CR55","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Division of AIDS. Division of AIDS (DAIDS) Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Version 2.0. [November 2014]. Available from: http:\/\/rsc.tech-res.com\/docs\/default-source\/safety\/daids_ae_grading_table_v2_nov2014.pdf . [Accessed 6 Apr 2018]"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2608_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis008","volume":"205","author":"SM Graham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graham SM, Ahmed T, Amanullah F, Browning R, Cardenas V, Casenghi M, Cuevas LE, Gale M, Gie RP, Grzemska M, et al. Evaluation of tuberculosis diagnostics in children: 1. Proposed clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis disease. Consensus from an expert panel. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(Suppl 2):S199\u2013208.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2608_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis630","volume":"55","author":"F Ahmad Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahmad Khan F, Minion J, Al-Motairi A, Benedetti A, Harries AD, Menzies D. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the treatment of active tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):1154\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T19:44:17Z","timestamp":1751571857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2608-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The trial has been approved by the Ethics Committees of the all participating sites in South Africa (Stellenbosch University and University of Cape Town Research Ethics Committees), Uganda (Joint Clinical Research Centre Institutional Review Board), Zambia (University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee and National Health Research Ethics Committee), India (BJMC Ethics Committee-Pune, National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis Ethics Committee-Chennai and Health Ministry Screening Committee) and by University College London (UCL Research Ethics Committee). The study was also approved by the regulatory authorities in all\u00a0the participating countries.Written informed consent (parents\/caregivers) and assent (children whose understanding is considered adequate) will be obtained before any trial procedures are carried out and participants\u2019 confidentiality will be maintained throughout the trial in line with the standard ICH-GCP principles.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"237"}}