{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T20:17:14Z","timestamp":1773605834547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]],"date-time":"2018-05-03T12:05:03Z","timestamp":1525349103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Synthetic versus autologous reconstruction (Syn-VAR) of the medial patellofemoral ligament: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bronwyn","family":"McArdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridgeen","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Acton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503260788","volume":"32","author":"DC Fithian","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Stone ML, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1114\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00072","volume":"90","author":"S Palmu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palmu S, Kallio PE, Donnell ST, et al. Acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a randomised clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(3):463\u201370.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00354","volume":"98","author":"AE Weber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weber AE, Nathani A, Dines JS, et al. An algorithmic approach to the management of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:417\u201327.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e318042b695","volume":"15","author":"VM Mehta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mehta VM, Inoue M, Nomura E, Fithian DC. An algorithm guiding the evaluation and treatment of acute primary patellar dislocation. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2007;15(2):78\u201381.","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(02)00031-5","volume":"21","author":"EA Arendt","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arendt EA, Fithian DC, Cohen E. Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21(3):499\u2013519.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200209000-00005","volume":"402","author":"DK Davis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davis DK, Fithian DC. Techniques of medial retinacular repair and reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;402:38\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2004.10.008","volume":"21","author":"RN Steenson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steenson RN, Dopirak M, Maurus PB. Minimally invasive \u201ccrescentic\u201d imbrication of the medial patellofemoral ligament for chronic patellar subluxation. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(2):371\u20135.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504267803","volume":"33","author":"EK Nam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nam EK, Karzel RP. Mini-open medial reefing and arthroscopic lateral release for the treatment of recurrent patellar dislocation: a medium term follow up. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(2):220\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0641-x","volume":"13","author":"M Deie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deie M, Ochi M, Sumen Y, Adachi N, Kobayashi K, Yasumoto M. A long term follow up study after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using the transferred semitendinosus tendon for patellar dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(7):522\u20138.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0848-3","volume":"18","author":"CC Dodson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dodson CC, Shindle MK, Dines JS, Altchek DW. Arthoscopic suture anchor repair for lateral patellar instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18(2):143\u20136.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.30023","volume":"18","author":"M Haspl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haspl M, Cicak H, Klobucar H, Pecina M. Fully arthroscopic stabilisation of the patella. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(1):E2.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"5","key":"2622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-008-0713-9","volume":"17","author":"PJ Silanpaa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silanpaa PJ, Maenpaa HM, Mattila VM, Visuri T, Pahlajamaki H. A mini-invasive adductor magnus tendon transfer technique for medial patelloemoral ligament reconstruction: a technical note. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatol Arthosc. 2009;17(5):508\u201312.","journal-title":"Knee Surgery Sports Traumatol Arthosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01289","volume":"91","author":"Y Nietosvaara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nietosvaara Y, Paukku R, Palmu S, Donell ST. Acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(2):139\u201345.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2015.7.4.457","volume":"7","author":"TS Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim TS, Kim HJ, Ra IH, Kyung HS. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar instability using a gracilis autograft without bone tunnel. Clin Orthop Surg. 2015;7(4):457\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR15","first-page":"265","volume":"21","author":"RN Steensen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steensen RN, Dopirak RM, Maurus PB. A simple technique for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a quadriceps tendon graft. Arthoscopy. 2005;21(2):265\u201370.","journal-title":"Arthoscopy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0659-0","volume":"13","author":"PB Schottle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schottle PB, Fucentese SF, Romero J. Clinical and radiological outcome of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus autograft for patella instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(7):516\u201321.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564730","volume":"29","author":"M Yeung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yeung M, Leblanc MC, Ayeni OR, Khan M, Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, Peterson D. Indication for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. J Knee Surg. 2016;29(7):543\u201354.","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2013.10.001","volume":"3","author":"A Golant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Golant A, Quach T, Rosen JE. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a looped semitendinosus tendon using knotless anchor fixation on the patella and hybrid fixation on the patella and hybrid fixation on the femur. Arthosc Tech. 2014;3(2):e211\u20136.","journal-title":"Arthosc Tech"},{"issue":"8","key":"2622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505285584","volume":"34","author":"TM Steiner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Steiner TM, Torga-Spak R, Teitge RA. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with lateral patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(8):1254\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509333482","volume":"39","author":"M Ronga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ronga M, Oliva F, Longo UG, Testa V, Capasso G, Mafulli N. Isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2009;39(9):1735\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511420079","volume":"39","author":"AS Panni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Panni AS, Alam M, Cerciello S, Vasso M, Maffuli N. Medial patella femoral ligament reconstruction with a divergent patellar transverse 2-tunnel technique. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(12):2647\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B9.28738","volume":"94","author":"NR Howells","year":"2012","unstructured":"Howells NR, Barnett AJ, Ahearn N, Ansari A, Eldridge JD. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: a prospective outcome assessment of a large single centre series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(9):1202\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"11","key":"2622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.02.004","volume":"32","author":"J Suganuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suganuma J, Mochizuki R, Sugiki T, Inoue Y, Kitamura K, Akutsu S, Ono H. Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a synthetic graft with arthroscopic control of patelloefemoral congruence. Arthroscopy. 2016;32(11):2259\u201368.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2015.07.002","volume":"23","author":"A Khemka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khemka A, Lord SJ, Doyle Z, Bosley B, Al Muderis M. Minimally invasive medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patellar instability using an artificial ligament: a 2 year follow-up. Knee. 2016;23(2):261\u20136.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"4","key":"2622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0160(00)00072-7","volume":"7","author":"E Nomura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nomura E, Horiuchi Y, Kihara M. A mid-term follow up of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using an artificial ligament for recurrent patellar dislocation. Knee. 2000;7(4):211\u20135.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"10","key":"2622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-2970-0","volume":"22","author":"M Berruto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berruto M, Ferrua P, Uboidi F, Usellini E, Gala L, Tassi A, MArellu B. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with bioactive ligament is an option. A 3 year follow-up study. Knee Surg Sports Trauamtol Artrosc. 2014;22(10):2419\u201325.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Trauamtol Artrosc"},{"issue":"21","key":"2622_CR27","first-page":"3024","volume":"123","author":"F Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang F, Kang HJ, Chen BC, Chen W, Su YL, Zhang YZ. Combination of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with vastus medialis advancement for chronic patellar dislocation. Chin Med J. 2010;123(21):3024\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512442330","volume":"40","author":"JN Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah JN, Howard JS, Flanigan DC, Brophy RH, Carey JL, Lettermann C. A systematic review of complications and failures associated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(8):1916\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2622_CR29","first-page":"702358","volume":"2014","author":"M Tomkins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomkins M, Kuenze C, Diduch DR, Miller MD, Milewski MD, Hart JP. Clinical and functional outcomes following primary repair versus reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for recurrent patellar instability. Sports Med. 2014;2014:702358.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3164-5","volume":"22","author":"D Enderlein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Enderlein D, Nielsen T, Christiansen SE, Fauno P, Lind M. Clinical outcome after reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in patients with recurrent patella instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(10):2458\u201364.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"2622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010001002.x","volume":"10","author":"B Coleman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coleman B, Kahn K, Maffulli N, Cook J, Wark J. Studies of surgical outcome after patellar tendinopathy: clinical significance of methodological deficiencies and guidance for future studies. Scan J Med Sci Sports. 2000;10:2\u201311.","journal-title":"Scan J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(05)80366-4","volume":"9","author":"UM Kujala","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kujala UM, Jaakkola LH, Koskinen SK, Taimela S, Hurme M, Nelimarkka O. Scoring of patellofemoral disorders. Arthroscopy. 1993;9(2):159\u201363.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"2622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198509000-00007","volume":"198","author":"Y Tegner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;198:43\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000306","volume":"10","author":"J Lysholm","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lysholm J, Gillquist J. Evaluation of knee ligament surgery result with special emphasis on use of a scoring scale. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10(3):150\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596711664608","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116646085","volume":"4","author":"LA Hiemstra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hiemstra LA, Kerslake S, Lafave M, Mohtadi NG. Concurrent validation of the Banff Patella Instability Instrument to the Norwich Patellar Instability Score and the Kujala Score in patients with patellofemoral instability. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(5):2325967116646085.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030201","volume":"26","author":"N Mohtadi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mohtadi N. Development and validation of the quality of life outcome measure (questionnaire) for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(3):350\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2622_CR37","first-page":"582","volume":"41","author":"GR Norman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrich KW. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life \u2013 the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003;41(5):582\u201392.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2622_CR38","unstructured":"Hassan E. Recall bias can be a threat to retrospective and prospective research designs. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;3(2):339\u2013412."},{"key":"2622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.07.053","volume":"26","author":"E Nomua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nomua E, Inoue M, Sugiura H. Histological evaluation of the medial patellofemoral ligament reconstructed using the Leeds-Keio ligament prosthesis. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2663\u201370.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.024646","volume":"58","author":"E Nomua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nomua E, Inoue M, Sugiura H. Ultrastructural study of the extra-articular Leeds-Keio ligament prosthesis. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(6):665\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507306161","volume":"35","author":"E Nomura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nomura E, Inoue M, Kobayashi S. Long term follow-up and knee osteoarthritis change after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(11):1851\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31803035ae","volume":"15","author":"D Dejour","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dejour D, LeCoultre B. Osteotomies in patella-femoral instabilities. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2007;15(1):39\u201346.","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T18:43:21Z","timestamp":1661107401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2622-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Mr A Tucker MPhil MRCS MB BAO BCh, atuc@hotmail.com","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"Regional Ethical Approval ORECNI ID 17\/NI\/0129. Obtained consent shall be gained from all participants in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have seen and approved the manuscript and consented to its publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"268"}}