{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:06:35Z","timestamp":1789470395404,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1102532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1102532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T13:17:20Z","timestamp":1537881440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 12-week pilot phase II trial of Sailuotong (SLT) for cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8708-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genevieve Z.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Bensoussan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Hohenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610210001067","volume":"22","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sachdev PS, et al. The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (MAS): methodology and baseline medical and neuropsychiatric characteristics of an elderly epidemiological non-demented cohort of Australians aged 70-90 years. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(8):1248\u201364.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.11.010","volume":"9","author":"H Brodaty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brodaty H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in a community sample: the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(3):310\u2013317.e1.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"23","key":"2912_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050151","volume":"352","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen RC, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(23):2379\u201388.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"2912_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000303815.69777.26","volume":"70","author":"B Winblad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winblad B, et al. Safety and efficacy of galantamine in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2008;70(22):2024\u201335.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2912_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70109-6","volume":"6","author":"HH Feldman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feldman HH, et al. Effect of rivastigmine on delay to diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease from mild cognitive impairment: the InDDEx study. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(6):501\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","volume":"56","author":"RC Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen RC, et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(3):303\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2912_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","volume":"58","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Petersen RC, et al. Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(12):1985\u201392.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","volume":"256","author":"RC Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 2004;256(3):183\u201394.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-122002","volume":"34","author":"A Espinosa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Espinosa A, et al. A longitudinal follow-up of 550 mild cognitive impairment patients: evidence for large conversion to dementia rates and detection of major risk factors involved. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(3):769\u201380.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2912_CR10","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","volume":"7","author":"MS Albert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albert MS, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"1","key":"2912_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.920303","volume":"19","author":"N Sachs-Ericsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sachs-Ericsson N, Blazer DG. The new DSM-5 diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder and its relation to research in mild cognitive impairment. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(1):2\u201312.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"7288","key":"2912_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08983","volume":"464","author":"NA Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop NA, Lu T, Yankner BA. Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature. 2010;464(7288):529\u201335.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2912_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.15.8.873","volume":"15","author":"CJ Van der Schyf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van der Schyf CJ, et al. Multifunctional neuroprotective drugs targeting monoamine oxidase inhibition, iron chelation, adenosine receptors, and cholinergic and glutamatergic action for neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;15(8):873\u201386.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12357","volume":"78","author":"S Cahill-Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cahill-Smith S, Li JM. Oxidative stress, redox signalling and endothelial dysfunction in ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases: a role of NADPH oxidase 2. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78(3):441\u201353.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2912_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-47","volume":"4","author":"TC Frank-Cannon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Frank-Cannon TC, et al. Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases? Mol Neurodegener. 2009;4:47.","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"2","key":"2912_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2000.7397","volume":"163","author":"RT Bartus","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bartus RT. On neurodegenerative diseases, models, and treatment strategies: lessons learned and lessons forgotten a generation following the cholinergic hypothesis. Exp Neurol. 2000;163(2):495\u2013529.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2912_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.130451","volume":"185","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tricco AC, et al. Efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for patients with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2013;185(16):1393\u2013401.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2912_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1711","volume":"22","author":"S Ferris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferris S, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of memantine in age-associated memory impairment (memantine in AAMI). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(5):448\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2912_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0062-8","volume":"16","author":"O Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters O, et al. A combination of galantamine and memantine modifies cognitive function in subjects with amnestic MCI. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(6):544\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-0994","volume":"16","author":"MJ McClendon","year":"2009","unstructured":"McClendon MJ, et al. Memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment in cases of CDR 0.5 or questionable impairment. J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 2009;16(3):577\u201383.","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"2912_CR22","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Advances in natural medicines, nutraceuticals and neurocognition","author":"C Dennis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dennis C, Ben C, Rong L. Chinese medicine used to treat dementia. In: Advances in natural medicines, nutraceuticals and neurocognition. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2013. p. 205\u201324."},{"key":"2912_CR23","first-page":"15","volume":"2016","author":"D Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang D, et al. Herbal medicine for the treatment of vascular dementia: an overview of scientific evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:15.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2912_CR24","first-page":"60","volume":"23","author":"L Xu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Xu L, et al. Effects of Weinaokang (WNK) on dysmensia in mice models. Pharmacol Clin. 2007;23(6):60\u20132.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"2912_CR25","first-page":"810","volume":"27","author":"WH Cong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cong WH, Liu JX, Xu L. Effects of extracts of ginseng and Ginkgo biloba on hippocampal acetylcholine and monoamines in PDAP-pV717I transgenic mice. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2007;27(9):810\u20133.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"2912_CR26","first-page":"531","volume":"33","author":"L Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu L, et al. Effects of Weinaokang capsule on intracephalic cholinergic system and capability of scavenging free radicas in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2008;33(5):531\u20134.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"2912_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478190","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/478190","volume":"2012","author":"W-h Cong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cong W-h, et al. Herbal extracts combination (WNK) prevents decline in spatial learning and memory in APP\/PS1 mice through improvement of hippocampal A\u03b2 plaque formation, histopathology, and ultrastructure. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:478190.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2912_CR28","first-page":"1118","volume":"25","author":"JX Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu JX, et al. Effect of combination of extracts of ginseng and ginkgo biloba on acetylcholine in amyloid beta-protein-treated rats determined by an improved HPLC. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004;25(9):1118\u201323.","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"2912_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.064","volume":"1138","author":"YQ Zheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zheng YQ, et al. Effects of crocin on reperfusion-induced oxidative\/nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 2007;1138:86\u201394.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2912_CR30","first-page":"316","volume":"39","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of ginsenosides after administration of sailuotong. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2014;39(2):316\u201321.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CRJ05010X","volume":"100","author":"K Radad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Radad K, et al. Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. J Pharmacol Sci. 2006;100(3):175\u201386.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2912_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2014.01.018","volume":"19","author":"S Chu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chu S, et al. Ginsenoside Rg5 improves cognitive dysfunction and beta-amyloid deposition in STZ-induced memory impaired rats via attenuating neuroinflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;19(2):317\u201326.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2912_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.352","volume":"17","author":"AB Scholey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scholey AB, Kennedy DO. Acute, dose-dependent cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng and their combination in healthy young volunteers: differential interactions with cognitive demand. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(1):35\u201344.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10590500701569414","volume":"25","author":"PC Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan PC, Xia Q, Fu PP. Ginkgo biloba leave extract: biological, medicinal, and toxicological effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2007;25(3):211\u201344.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2912_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-003-1527-9","volume":"64","author":"JV Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith JV, Luo Y. Studies on molecular mechanisms of Ginkgo biloba extract. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004;64(4):465\u201372.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2912_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201420140067","volume":"86","author":"B Amin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amin B, et al. Attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Crocus sativus L. stigma after chronic constriction injury of rats. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2014;86(4):1821\u201332.","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<149::AID-PTR665>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"14","author":"K Abe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abe K, Saito H. Effects of saffron extract and its constituent crocin on learning behaviour and long-term potentiation. Phytother Res. 2000;14(3):149\u201352.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR38","first-page":"394","volume":"8","author":"H Hosseinzadeh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hosseinzadeh H, Sadeghnia HR. Safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), attenuated cerebral ischemia induced oxidative damage in rat hippocampus. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;8(3):394\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2912_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S72728","volume":"9","author":"S Gauthier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gauthier S, Schlaefke S. Efficacy and tolerability of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R) in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:2065\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2912_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140837","volume":"43","author":"MS Tan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tan MS, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(2):589\u2013603.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"2912_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.683","volume":"300","author":"ST DeKosky","year":"2008","unstructured":"DeKosky ST, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(19):2253\u201362.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"2912_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106061516","volume":"20","author":"JL Reay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reay JL, Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Effects of Panax ginseng, consumed with and without glucose, on blood glucose levels and cognitive performance during sustained 'mentally demanding' tasks. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;20(6):771\u201381.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2912_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02157.x","volume":"15","author":"JH Heo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heo JH, et al. An open-label trial of Korean red ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(8):865\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31816c92e6","volume":"22","author":"ST Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee ST, et al. Panax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2008;22(3):222\u20136.","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"2912_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2001.11747376","volume":"4","author":"DO Kennedy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA. Differential, dose dependent changes in cognitive performance following acute administration of a Ginkgo biloba\/Panax ginseng combination to healthy young volunteers. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(5):399\u2013412.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"2912_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S44777","volume":"8","author":"M Yakoot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yakoot M, Salem A, Helmy S. Effect of Memo(R), a natural formula combination, on Mini-Mental State Examination scores in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:975\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2912_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-0989-0","volume":"16","author":"GZ Steiner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steiner GZ, et al. The effect of Sailuotong (SLT) on neurocognitive and cardiovascular function in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover pilot trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16:15.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"2912_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.02.004","volume":"4","author":"J Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the compound Chinese medicine SaiLuoTong in vascular dementia: a randomized clinical trial. Alzheimer's Dement. 2018;4:108\u201317.","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"key":"2912_CR49","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Leading Causes of Death; 2013. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/life-expectancy-death\/deaths-in-australia\/contents\/leading-causes-of-death ."},{"key":"2912_CR50","volume-title":"Economic cost of dementia in Australia 2016-2056","author":"National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM)","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM). Economic cost of dementia in Australia 2016-2056. Canberra: NATSEM; 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.397","volume":"58","author":"JC Morris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morris JC, et al. Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(3):397\u2013405.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2912_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","volume":"346","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan A-W, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346:e7586.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2912_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.233","volume":"69","author":"S Craft","year":"2012","unstructured":"Craft S, et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):29\u201338.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2912_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000390","volume":"16","author":"AF Jorm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jorm AF. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2004;16(3):275\u201393.","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2912_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2912_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","volume":"17","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yesavage JA, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1982;17(1):37\u201349.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2912_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2154","volume":"24","author":"H Debruyne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Debruyne H, et al. Is the geriatric depression scale a reliable screening tool for depressive symptoms in elderly patients with cognitive impairment? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24(6):556\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2912_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.4.520","volume":"19","author":"L Backman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Backman L, et al. Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 2005;19(4):520\u201331.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2912_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011613","volume":"346","author":"S Seshadri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seshadri S, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(7):476\u201383.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2912_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.668","volume":"61","author":"MJ Engelhart","year":"2004","unstructured":"Engelhart MJ, et al. Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(5):668\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2912_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)00163-I","volume":"57","author":"F Licastro","year":"1995","unstructured":"Licastro F, et al. Increased serum \u03b11-antichymotrypsin in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease: an acute phase reactant without the peripheral acute phase response. J Neuroimmunol. 1995;57(1\u20132):71\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2912_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.012","volume":"68","author":"W Swardfager","year":"2010","unstructured":"Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(10):930\u201341.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:54:40Z","timestamp":1605056080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-018-2912-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was requested and approved through the Western Sydney University Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval H11878). Informed consent was provided by all study participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"As a medical research institute, NICM receives research grants and donations from foundations, universities, government agencies, individuals, and industry. Sponsors and donors provide untied funding for work to advance the vision and mission of the institute. The project that is the subject of this article was not undertaken as part of a contractual relationship with any organisation other than the funding that was previously declared in the Funding section.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"522"}}