{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1772166422991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001922","name":"Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/23\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/23\/17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001922","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder, seen in 20\u201330% of young adult prisoners. Pharmacoepidemiological studies, a small randomised controlled trial and open trial data of methylphenidate\u00a0suggest clinically significant reductions in ADHD symptoms, emotional dysregulation, disruptive behaviour and increased engagement with educational activities. Yet, routine treatment of ADHD in offenders is not yet established clinical practice. There is continued uncertainty about the clinical response to methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line treatment for ADHD, in offenders, who often present with an array of complex mental health problems that may be better explained by states of inattentive, overactive, restless and impulsive behaviours. To address this problem, we will conduct an efficacy trial to establish the short-term effects of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS)-methylphenidate (Concerta XL), an extended release formulation of MPH, on ADHD symptoms, emotional dysregulation and behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a parallel-arm, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of OROS-MPH on ADHD symptoms, behaviour and functional outcomes in young male prisoners aged 16\u201325, meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition criteria for ADHD. Participants are randomised to 8 weeks of treatment with OROS-MPH or placebo, titrated over 5\u2009weeks to balance ADHD symptom improvement against side effects. Two hundred participants will be recruited with a 1:1 ratio of drug to placebo. The primary outcome is change in level of ADHD symptoms after 8 weeks of trial medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential benefits include improvement in ADHD symptoms, emotional dysregulation, attitudes towards violence and critical incidents and increased engagement with educational and rehabilitation programmes. Demonstrating the efficacy and safety of MPH on ADHD symptoms and associated impairments may provide the data needed to develop effective healthcare pathways for a significant group of young offenders. Establishing efficacy of MPH in this population will provide the foundation needed to establish long-term effectiveness studies with the potential for demonstrating significant reductions in criminal behaviour and improved health-economic outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ISRCTN registry,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.iscrtn.com\/ISCRTN16827947\">ISRCTN16827947<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , 31st May 2016; EudraCT number,\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctrsearch\/search?query=2015-004271-78\">2015-004271-78<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , 31st May 2016. Last particpant last visit 6 June 2019. Data lock 27 August 2019.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T09:06:14Z","timestamp":1575277574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Randomised controlled trial of the short-term effects of OROS-methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms and behavioural outcomes in young male prisoners with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (CIAO-II)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2667-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Asherson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Fahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Forester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Howitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Landau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3705_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30032-3","volume":"3","author":"P Asherson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Faraone SV, Rohde LA. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: key conceptual issues. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(6):568\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3705_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","volume":"164","author":"G Polanczyk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):942\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","volume":"135","author":"R Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):e994\u20131001.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.034389","volume":"190","author":"J Fayyad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Demyttenaere K, De Girolamo G, Haro JM, Karam EG, Lara C, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:402\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.048827","volume":"194","author":"V Simon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Simon V, Czobor P, Balint S, Meszaros A, Bitter I. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(3):204\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000762","volume":"45","author":"S Young","year":"2015","unstructured":"Young S, Moss D, Sedgwick O, Fridman M, Hodgkins P. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations. Psychol Med. 2015;45(2):247\u201358.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3705_CR7","volume-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the NICE guideline on diagnosis and managment of ADHD in children, young people and adults","author":"NICE","year":"2008","unstructured":"NICE. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the NICE guideline on diagnosis and managment of ADHD in children, young people and adults. London: British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008."},{"key":"3705_CR8","volume-title":"Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults","author":"NICE","year":"2018","unstructured":"NICE. Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. London: British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2018."},{"key":"3705_CR9","volume-title":"Management of attention deficit hyperactivity and hyperkinetic disorders in children and young people: a national clinical guideline","author":"SIGN","year":"2009","unstructured":"SIGN. Management of attention deficit hyperactivity and hyperkinetic disorders in children and young people: a national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2009."},{"key":"3705_CR10","unstructured":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence update 45. http:\/\/arms.evidence.nhs.uk\/resources\/hub\/1027588\/attachment. Accesssed 25 Oct 2019."},{"issue":"7","key":"3705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108092338","volume":"23","author":"M Koesters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koesters M, Becker T, Kilian R, Fegert JM, Weinmann S. Limits of meta-analysis: methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(7):733\u201344.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4","volume":"5","author":"S Cortese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cortese S, Adamo N, Del Giovane C, Mohr-Jensen C, Hayes AJ, Carucci S, Atkinson LZ, Tessari L, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(9):727\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.092940","volume":"200","author":"Y Ginsberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ginsberg Y, Lindefors N. Methylphenidate treatment of adult male prison inmates with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with open-label extension. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(1):68\u201373.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3705_CR14","volume-title":"A pilot study of Concerta XL in adult offenders with ADHD","author":"P Asherson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asherson P, Evans C, Young S: A pilot study of Concerta XL in adult offenders with ADHD. 2018. https:\/\/kclpure.kcl.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/a-pilot-study-of-concerta-xl-in-adult-offenders-with-adhd(68d820ff-1026-4cdc-867e-4fa0325d162c).html."},{"key":"3705_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g3769","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3769","volume":"348","author":"Q Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen Q, Sjolander A, Runeson B, D'Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. Drug treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and suicidal behaviour: register based study. BMJ. 2014;348:g3769.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"17","key":"3705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15380","volume":"316","author":"Z Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, Langstrom N, Larsson H, Fazel S. Association between prescription of major psychotropic medications and violent reoffending after prison release. JAMA. 2016;316(17):1798\u2013807.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"3705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.018","volume":"80","author":"Z Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang Z, D'Onofrio BM, Quinn PD, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H. Medication for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(12):916\u201322.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"3705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4174","volume":"71","author":"Z Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, D'Onofrio BM, Sjolander A, Larsson H. Serious transport accidents in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and the effect of medication: a population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(3):319\u201325.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3705_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010","volume":"84","author":"F Lenzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lenzi F, Cortese S, Harris J, Masi G. Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:359\u201367.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3705_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.05.021","volume":"44","author":"TR Moukhtarian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moukhtarian TR, Cooper RE, Vassos E, Moran P, Asherson P. Effects of stimulants and atomoxetine on emotional lability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;44:198\u2013207.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"3705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20S","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711435360","volume":"16","author":"P Asherson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asherson P, Akehurst R, Kooij JJ, Huss M, Beusterien K, Sasane R, Gholizadeh S, Hodgkins P. Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: cultural influences and societal burden. J Atten Disord. 2012;16(5 Suppl):20S\u201338S.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.11.1909","volume":"160","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Swanson JM. Variables that affect the clinical use and abuse of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(11):1909\u201318.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3705_CR23","volume-title":"Diagnostic assessment and treatment","author":"JJ Kooij","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kooij JJ: Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults 2.0 (DIVA 2.0). In: Diagnostic assessment and treatment. Kooij JJ, editor. Amsterdam: Pearson Assessment and Information BV; 2010."},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR24","first-page":"158","volume":"32","author":"DW Black","year":"2004","unstructured":"Black DW, Arndt S, Hale N, Rogerson R. Use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as a screening tool in prisons: results of a preliminary study. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2004;32(2):158\u201362.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"issue":"3","key":"3705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.17.3.233.22147","volume":"17","author":"MC Zanarini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): a continuous measure of DSM-IV borderline psychopathology. J Personal Disord. 2003;17(3):233\u201342.","journal-title":"J Personal Disord"},{"key":"3705_CR26","volume-title":"Conners\u2019 Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Technical manual","author":"CK Conners","year":"1999","unstructured":"Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E. Conners\u2019 Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Technical manual. New York: Multi Health Systems Inc; 1999."},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.040","volume":"58","author":"FW Reimherr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reimherr FW, Marchant BK, Strong RE, Hedges DW, Adler L, Spencer TJ, West SA, Soni P. Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD and response to atomoxetine. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58(2):125\u201331.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"3705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3109\/15622971003624197","volume":"11","author":"M Rosler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosler M, Retz W, Fischer R, Ose C, Alm B, Deckert J, Philipsen A, Herpertz S, Ammer R. Twenty-four-week treatment with extended release methylphenidate improves emotional symptoms in adult ADHD. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2010;11(5):709\u201318.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3705_CR29","unstructured":"CADDRA patient and medication form https:\/\/www.caddra.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/CADDRA-Patient-ADHD-Medication-Form.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct 2019."},{"key":"3705_CR30","volume-title":"Task Force for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures: Handbook of psychiatric measures","author":"W Guy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guy W: Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale, Modified. Task Force for the Handbook of Psychiatric Measures: Handbook of psychiatric measures. In: Rush JA, editor. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20115","volume":"32","author":"A Raine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, Gatzke-Kopp L, Lynam D, Reynolds C, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Liu J. The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006;32(2):159\u201371.","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"3705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7862","volume":"312","author":"R Saitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saitz R, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, Alford DP, Bernstein JA, Lloyd-Travaglini CA, Meli SM, Chaisson CE, Samet JH. Screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care: the ASPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(5):502\u201313.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"3705_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","volume":"158","author":"K Bush","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789\u201395.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, Stokes J, Handelsman L, Medrano M, Desmond D, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(2):169\u201390.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"3705_CR35","volume-title":"A clinical workbook: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","author":"R Barkley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barkley R, Murphy K. A clinical workbook: attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford; 1998.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"11","key":"3705_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x","volume":"53","author":"A Stringaris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stringaris A, Goodman R, Ferdinando S, Razdan V, Muhrer E, Leibenluft E, Brotman MA. The Affective Reactivity Index: a concise irritability scale for clinical and research settings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2012;53(11):1109\u201317.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"issue":"6","key":"3705_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716651927","volume":"23","author":"FD Mowlem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mowlem FD, Skirrow C, Reid P, Maltezos S, Nijjar SK, Merwood A, Barker E, Cooper R, Kuntsi J, Asherson P. Validation of the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale and the relationship of mind wandering to impairment in adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2019;23(6):624\u201334.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017","volume":"13","author":"LR Derogatis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;13(3):595\u2013605.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3705_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1861","volume":"23","author":"J Walker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Walker J, Bowes N. The evaluation of violent thinking in adult offenders and non-offenders using the Maudsley Violence Questionnaire. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2013;23(2):113\u201323.","journal-title":"Crim Behav Ment Health"},{"key":"3705_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.1.51","volume":"180","author":"C Evans","year":"2002","unstructured":"Evans C, Connell J, Barkham M, Margison F, McGrath G, Mellor-Clark J, Audin K. Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:51\u201360.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"3705_CR41","first-page":"1081","volume":"146","author":"DW Knoedler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Knoedler DW. The Modified Overt Aggression Scale. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146(8):1081\u20132.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3705_CR42","unstructured":"Classroom Behaviour Report Card Resource Book. https:\/\/jimwrightonline.com\/pdfdocs\/tbrc\/tbrcmanual.pdf. Accssed 25 Oct 2019."}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T19:56:21Z","timestamp":1606766181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3705-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.460\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.460\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.460\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the East of England Essex Research Ethics Committee (16\/EE\/0117). Approvals for the study were further obtained from the Health Research Authority (HRA), the National Offender Management Service (NOMS, England), the Scottish Prison Service (SPS, Scotland), Research and Development from Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust and NHS Forth Valley. All participants provided informed consent and signed approved consent forms for participation in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Personal identifying data will not be published. Consent was obtained for publication of anonymised group-level data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"King\u2019s College London departmental\u00a0research support account received payments for work by PA: consultancy to Shire, Eli Lilly and Novartis; educational\/research awards from Shire, Lilly, Novartis, Vifor Pharma, GW Pharmaceuticals and QbTech; speaker at events sponsored by Shire, Lilly,\u00a0Novartis, Flynn Pharma and Medicen. PA\u00a0received personal honoaria for talking at events sponsored by Shire, Flynn Pharma and Medicen.\u00a0SY has received honoraria for consultation and\/or educational talks in the last 5\u2009years from Janssen, HB Pharma and\/or Shire. She is author of the ADHD Child Evaluation (ACE) and ACE+ for adults and lead author of R&R2 for ADHD Youths and Adults.In the last 3\u2009years, SL has received personal fees from Janssen, Otsuka and Sunovion and research support from Janssen, all in connection with schizophrenia meetings and trials.JS has worked with several pharmaceutical companies to seek to identify new or improved medications, but they do not have a relationship to the study reported here. This has included research grant support and consultancy payments to King\u2019s College London and travelling and\/or accommodation and\/or conference expenses (including, in the past 3\u2009years, from Martindale, Indivior, MundiPharma, Camurus\/Braeburn).The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"663"}}