{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1764601723515,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t, Frankfurt am Main"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication and interaction, and stereotyped, repetitive behaviour and sensory interests. To date, there is no effective medication that can improve social communication and interaction in ASD, and effect sizes of behaviour-based psychotherapy remain in the low to medium range. Consequently, there is a clear need for new treatment options. ASD is associated with altered activation and connectivity patterns in brain areas which process social information. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that applies a weak electrical current to the brain in order to modulate neural excitability and alter connectivity. Combined with specific cognitive tasks, it allows to facilitate and consolidate the respective training effects. Therefore, application of tDCS in brain areas relevant to social cognition in combination with a specific cognitive training is a promising treatment approach for ASD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A phase-IIa pilot randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel-group clinical study is presented, which aims at investigating if 10\u2009days of 20-min multi-channel tDCS stimulation of the bilateral tempo-parietal junction (TPJ) at 2.0\u2009mA in combination with a computer-based cognitive training on perspective taking, intention and emotion understanding, can improve social cognitive abilities in children and adolescents with ASD. The main objectives are to describe the change in parent-rated social responsiveness from baseline (within 1\u2009week before first stimulation) to post-intervention (within 7\u2009days after last stimulation) and to monitor safety and tolerability of the intervention. Secondary objectives include the evaluation of change in parent-rated social responsiveness at follow-up (4\u00a0weeks after end of intervention), change in other ASD core symptoms and psychopathology, social cognitive abilities and neural functioning post-intervention and at follow-up in order to explore underlying neural and cognitive mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>If shown, positive results regarding change in parent-rated social cognition and favourable safety and tolerability of the intervention will confirm tDCS as a promising treatment for ASD core-symptoms. This may be a first step in establishing a new and cost-efficient intervention for individuals with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The trial is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.drks.de\/drks_web\/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&amp;TRIAL_ID=DRKS00014732\">DRKS00014732<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered on 15 August 2018.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Protocol version<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study protocol refers to protocol version 1.2 from 24 May 2019.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T12:02:26Z","timestamp":1617710546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phase-IIa randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel group trial on anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left and right tempo-parietal junction in autism spectrum disorder\u2014StimAT: study protocol for a clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Luckhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fchlherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"M\u00f6ssinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Boxhoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Dempfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Ruffini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Latinus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"Bonnet-Brilhault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Siemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Siniatchkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed","year":"2013","key":"5172_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, editor. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013."},{"issue":"9531","key":"5172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7","volume":"368","author":"G Baird","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006;368(9531):210\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.239","volume":"5","author":"M Elsabbagh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elsabbagh M, Divan G, Koh Y-J, Kim YS, Kauchali S, Marc\u00edn C, Montiel-Nava C, Patel V, Paula CS, Wang C, Yasamy MT, Fombonne E. Global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Res. 2012;5(3):160\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.239.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5172_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12559","volume":"133","author":"H-C Steinhausen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steinhausen H-C, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133(6):445\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12559.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314536626","volume":"19","author":"B Barrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrett B, Mosweu I, Jones CRG, Charman T, Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Happ\u00e9 F, Byford S. Comparing service use and costs among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders, special needs and typical development. Autism. 2015;19(5):562\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361314536626.","journal-title":"Autism."},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e520","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0763","volume":"133","author":"TA Lavelle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lavelle TA, Weinstein MC, Newhouse JP, Munir K, Kuhlthau KA, Prosser LA. Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):e520\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2013-0763.","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313517053","volume":"19","author":"BFC van Heijst","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Heijst BFC, Geurts HM. Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Autism. 2015;19(2):158\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361313517053.","journal-title":"Autism."},{"issue":"12","key":"5172_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186502","volume":"12","author":"Y Tachibana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tachibana Y, Miyazaki C, Ota E, Mori R, Hwang Y, Kobayashi E, Terasaka A, Tang J, Kamio Y. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comprehensive interventions for pre-school children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0186502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0186502.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12509","volume":"57","author":"CM Freitag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Freitag CM, Jensen K, Elsuni L, Sachse M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Schulte-R\u00fcther M, H\u00e4nig S, von Gontard A, Poustka L, Schad-Hansjosten T, Wenzl C, Sinzig J, Taurines R, Gei\u00dfler J, Kieser M, Cholemkery H. Group-based cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for children and adolescents with ASD: the randomized, multicentre, controlled SOSTA-net trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(5):596\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12509.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5172_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.01.006","volume":"52","author":"JA Gates","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gates JA, Kang E, Lerner MD. Efficacy of group social skills interventions for youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;52:164\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.01.006.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.10.007","volume":"20","author":"J Downar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downar J, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ. The neural crossroads of psychiatric illness: an emerging target for brain stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2016;20(2):107\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2015.10.007.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.002","volume":"1","author":"W Paulus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paulus W, Classen J, Cohen LG, Large CH, Di Lazzaro V, Nitsche M, et al. State of the art: pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain stimulation. 2008;1(3):151\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.002.","journal-title":"Brain stimulation."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"5172_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol Lond. 2000;527(Pt 3):633\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x.","journal-title":"J Physiol Lond"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","volume":"17","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stagg CJ, Nitsche MA. Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroscientist. 2011;17(1):37\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073858410386614.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"key":"5172_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00270","volume":"10","author":"TW Boonstra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boonstra TW, Nikolin S, Meisener A-C, Martin DM, Loo CK. Change in mean frequency of resting-state electroencephalography after transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00270.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00128","volume":"12","author":"WT To","year":"2018","unstructured":"To WT, de Ridder D, Hart J, Vanneste S. Changing brain networks through non-invasive neuromodulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00128.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000534","volume":"34","author":"ME Berryhill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berryhill ME, Martin D. Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy and clinical populations: an overview. J ECT. 2018;34(3):e25\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000534.","journal-title":"J ECT."},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.006","volume":"9","author":"J Dedoncker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dedoncker J, Brunoni AR, Baeken C, Vanderhasselt M-A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy and neuropsychiatric samples: influence of stimulation parameters. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(4):501\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.006.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14104","volume":"61","author":"AAC Os\u00f3rio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio AAC, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019;61(3):298\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.14104.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"5172_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2011.570852","volume":"25","author":"HD Schneider","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schneider HD, Hopp JP. The use of the Bilingual Aphasia Test for assessment and transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate language acquisition in minimally verbal children with autism. Clin Linguist Phon. 2011;25(6-7):640\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02699206.2011.570852.","journal-title":"Clin Linguist Phon"},{"key":"5172_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173073","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173073","volume":"2014","author":"A Amatachaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amatachaya A, Auvichayapat N, Patjanasoontorn N, Suphakunpinyo C, Ngernyam N, Aree-uea B, Keeratitanont K, Auvichayapat P. Effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on autism: a randomized double-blind crossover trial. Behav Neurol. 2014;2014:173073\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/173073.","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"key":"5172_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez L, Vidal B, Maragoto C, Morales LM, Berrillo S, Vera Cuesta H, Baez M, Denis M, Mar\u00edn T, Cabrera Y, S\u00e1nchez A, Alarc\u00f3n C, Selguera M, Llanez Y, Dieguez L, Robinson M. Non-invasive brain stimulation for children with autism spectrum disorders: a short-term outcome study. Behav Sci (Basel). 2017;7(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs7030063.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7030063"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0152-x","volume":"8","author":"JJ van Steenburgh","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Steenburgh JJ, Varvaris M, Schretlen DJ, Vannorsdall TD, Gordon B. Balanced bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances working memory in adults with high-functioning autism: a sham-controlled crossover study. Mol Autism. 2017;8(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-017-0152-x.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000501025","volume":"78","author":"M Roth\u00e4rmel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roth\u00e4rmel M, Moulier V, Vasse M, Isaac C, Faerber M, Bendib B, Mirea-Grivel I, Opolczynski G, Rosier A, Guillin O. A prospective open-label pilot study of transcranial direct current stimulation in high-functioning autistic patients with a dysexecutive syndrome. Neuropsychobiology. 2019;78(4):189\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501025.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology."},{"key":"5172_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00201","volume":"12","author":"J Kang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kang J, Cai E, Han J, Tong Z, Li X, Sokhadze EM, Casanova MF, Ouyang G, Li X. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate EEG complexity of children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00201.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928631","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/928631","volume":"2015","author":"A Amatachaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amatachaya A, Jensen MP, Patjanasoontorn N, Auvichayapat N, Suphakunpinyo C, Janjarasjitt S, Ngernyam N, Aree-uea B, Auvichayapat P. The short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on electroencephalography in children with autism: a randomized crossover controlled trial. Behav Neurol. 2015;2015:928631\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/928631.","journal-title":"Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012","volume":"8","author":"C Krishnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krishnan C, Santos L, Peterson MD, Ehinger M. Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(1):76\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"9","key":"5172_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M, Brockm\u00f6ller J, Brunoni AR, Chen R, Cohen LG, Dowthwaite G, Ellrich J, Fl\u00f6el A, Fregni F, George MS, Hamilton R, Haueisen J, Herrmann CS, Hummel FC, Lefaucheur JP, Liebetanz D, Loo CK, McCaig CD, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Nowak R, Padberg F, Pascual-Leone A, Poppendieck W, Priori A, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Rothwell J, Rueger MA, Ruffini G, Schellhorn K, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Hallett M, Paulus W. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(9):1774\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5172_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq296","volume":"21","author":"R-A M\u00fcller","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00fcller R-A, Shih P, Keehn B, Deyoe JR, Leyden KM, Shukla DK. Underconnected, but how? A survey of functional connectivity MRI studies in autism spectrum disorders. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(10):2233\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhq296.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss106","volume":"9","author":"RK Kana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kana RK, Libero LE, Hu CP, Deshpande HD, Colburn JS. Functional brain networks and white matter underlying theory-of-mind in autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(1):98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss106.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009","volume":"42","author":"M Schurz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schurz M, Radua J, Aichhorn M, Richlan F, Perner J. Fractionating theory of mind: a meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;42:9\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.01.009.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1537","key":"5172_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0160","volume":"365","author":"U Frith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frith U, Frith C. The social brain: allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. Philos Trans Royal Soc B Biol Sci. 2010;365(1537):165\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0160.","journal-title":"Philos Trans Royal Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0789","volume":"14","author":"K Vogeley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vogeley K, Bussfeld P, Newen A, Herrmann S, Happ\u00e9 F, Falkai P, Maier W, Shah NJ, Fink GR, Zilles K. Mind reading: neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective. Neuroimage. 2001;14(1):170\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2001.0789.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"10","key":"5172_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.08.010","volume":"37","author":"JJ Geng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Geng JJ, Vossel S. Re-evaluating the role of TPJ in attentional control: contextual updating? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(10):2608\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.08.010.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.010","volume":"44","author":"JHG Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams JHG, Waiter GD, Gilchrist A, Perrett DI, Murray AD, Whiten A. Neural mechanisms of imitation and \u2018mirror neuron\u2019functioning in autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(4):610\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.010.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"5172_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.017","volume":"55","author":"PH Donaldson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Donaldson PH, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG. Noninvasive stimulation of the temporoparietal junction: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:547\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.017.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"23","key":"5172_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.018","volume":"22","author":"I Santiesteban","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santiesteban I, Banissy MJ, Catmur C, Bird G. Enhancing social ability by stimulating right temporoparietal junction. Curr Biol. 2012;22(23):2274\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2012.10.018.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"5172_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00659","volume":"9","author":"H Ye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ye H, Chen S, Huang D, Zheng H, Jia Y, Luo J. Modulation of neural activity in the temporoparietal junction with transcranial direct current stimulation changes the role of beliefs in moral judgment. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:659.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"5172_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2019.1572648","volume":"14","author":"PH Donaldson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donaldson PH, Kirkovski M, Rinehart NJ, Enticott PG. A double-blind HD-tDCS\/EEG study examining right temporoparietal junction involvement in facial emotion processing. Soc Neurosci. 2019;14(6):681\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470919.2019.1572648.","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"5172_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1938-5","volume":"125","author":"J Esse Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esse Wilson J, Trumbo MC, Wilson JK, Tesche CD. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) for social cognition and social skills in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(12):1857\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-018-1938-5.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0533-8","volume":"15","author":"CM Freitag","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freitag CM, Kleser C, von Gontard A, von Gontardf A. Imitation and language abilities in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder without language delay. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(5):282\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-006-0533-8.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"5172_CR42","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic interview-revised","author":"M Rutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutter M, Le Couteur A, Lord C. Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2003."},{"key":"5172_CR43","volume-title":"ADOS-2: Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala f\u00fcr autistische St\u00f6rungen - 2 : Manual","author":"C Lord","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lord C. ADOS-2: Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala f\u00fcr autistische St\u00f6rungen - 2 : Manual. Bern: Huber; 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"5172_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"5172_CR45","unstructured":"Tewes U, editor. HAWIK-III: Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest f\u00fcr Kinder - dritte Auflage ; Manual ; \u00dcbersetzung und Adaptation der WISC-III Wechsler intelligence scale for children - third edition von David Wechsler. 1st ed. Bern, G\u00f6ttingen, Toronto, Seattle: Huber; 1999."},{"key":"5172_CR46","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(93)90004-9","volume":"14","author":"MA Carskadon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carskadon MA, Acebo C. A self-administered rating scale for pubertal development. J Adolesc Health. 1993;14(3):190\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1054-139X(93)90004-9.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"5172_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12731","volume":"58","author":"A Sturm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sturm A, Kuhfeld M, Kasari C, McCracken JT. Development and validation of an item response theory-based Social Responsiveness Scale short form. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(9):1053\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12731.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5172_CR49","volume-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale: SRS-2: Manual","author":"JN Constantino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Constantino JN, Gruber CP. Social Responsiveness Scale: SRS-2: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services; 2012."},{"issue":"4-6","key":"5172_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004","volume":"72","author":"C Poreisz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poreisz C, Boros K, Antal A, Paulus W. Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res Bull. 2007;72(4-6):208\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"5172_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.09.011","volume":"119","author":"V Moliadze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moliadze V, Andreas S, Lyzhko E, Schmanke T, Gurashvili T, Freitag CM, Siniatchkin M. Ten minutes of 1 mA transcranial direct current stimulation was well tolerated by children and adolescents: self-reports and resting state EEG analysis. Brain Res Bull. 2015;119(Pt A):25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.09.011.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0213-z","volume":"37","author":"KSL Lam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lam KSL, Aman MG. The Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised: independent validation in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2007;37(5):855\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0213-z.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3276-0","volume":"48","author":"AE Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez AE, Piqueras JA. Validation of the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised in Spanish-speakers participants with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(1):198\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3276-0.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"5172_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1012-0","volume":"40","author":"P Mirenda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mirenda P, Smith IM, Vaillancourt T, Georgiades S, Duku E, Szatmari P, et al. Validating the Repetitive Behavior Scale-revised in young children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2010;40(12):1521\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-1012-0.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"5172_CR55","volume-title":"The Children's communication checklist","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bishop DVM. The Children's communication checklist. 2nd ed. London: The Psychological Corporation; 2003.","edition":"2"},{"key":"5172_CR56","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4\u201318 and 1991 profile","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach TM. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4\u201318 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Dept. of Psychiatry University of Vermont; 1991."},{"key":"5172_CR57","volume-title":"Aberrant behavior checklist","author":"MG Aman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Aman MG, Singh NN. Aberrant behavior checklist. East Aurora, NY: Slosson Educational Publ; 1986."},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.5.3.353","volume":"5","author":"U Ravens-Sieberer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Duer W, Auquier P, Power M, Abel T, Czemy L, Mazur J, Czimbalmos A, Tountas Y, Hagquist C, Kilroe J, KIDSCREEN Group E. KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2005;5(3):353\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737167.5.3.353.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2014.1003272","volume":"10","author":"D Vistoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vistoli D, Passerieux C, El Zein M, Clumeck C, Braun S, Brunet-Gouet E. Characterizing an ERP correlate of intentions understanding using a sequential comic strips paradigm. Soc Neurosci. 2015;10(4):391\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17470919.2014.1003272.","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.02.003","volume":"131","author":"S Schwarzkopf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwarzkopf S, Schilbach L, Vogeley K, Timmermans B. \"Making it explicit\" makes a difference: evidence for a dissociation of spontaneous and intentional level 1 perspective taking in high-functioning autism. Cognition. 2014;131(3):345\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cognition.2014.02.003.","journal-title":"Cognition."},{"issue":"36","key":"5172_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12849","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1392-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"JP McCleery","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCleery JP, Surtees ADR, Graham KA, Richards JE, Apperly IA. The neural and cognitive time course of theory of mind. J Neurosci. 2011;31(36):12849\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1392-11.2011.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR62","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es M. Processing of Facial Expressions and their Mental Imagery in ASD: an EEG study with feasibility analysis for a neurofeedback approach. Baltimore, USA; 2016.\u00a0https:\/\/imfar.confex.com\/imfar\/2016\/webprogram\/Paper22426.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-015-9313-x","volume":"41","author":"EM Sokhadze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sokhadze EM, Tasman A, Sokhadze GE, El-Baz AS, Casanova MF. Behavioral, cognitive, and motor preparation deficits in a visual cued spatial attention task in autism spectrum disorder. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2016;41(1):81\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-015-9313-x.","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback."},{"issue":"1","key":"5172_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231","volume":"32","author":"MI Posner","year":"1980","unstructured":"Posner MI. Orienting of attention. Q J Exp Psychol. 1980;32(1):3\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00335558008248231.","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"5172_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.050","volume":"119","author":"CR Pernet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pernet CR, McAleer P, Latinus M, Gorgolewski KJ, Charest I, Bestelmeyer PEG, Watson RH, Fleming D, Crabbe F, Valdes-Sosa M, Belin P. The human voice areas: spatial organization and inter-individual variability in temporal and extra-temporal cortices. Neuroimage. 2015;119:164\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.050.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"6767","key":"5172_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/35002078","volume":"403","author":"P Belin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Belin P, Zatorre RJ, Lafaille P, Ahad P, Pike B. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature. 2000;403(6767):309\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35002078.","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"6","key":"5172_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","volume":"56","author":"R Loomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WPL. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(6):466\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"5172_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr268","volume":"22","author":"RB Mars","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mars RB, Sallet J, Sch\u00fcffelgen U, Jbabdi S, Toni I, Rushworth MFS. Connectivity-based subdivisions of the human right \u201ctemporoparietal junction area\u201d: evidence for different areas participating in different cortical networks. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22(8):1894\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhr268.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"5172_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.002","volume":"89","author":"G Ruffini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ruffini G, Fox MD, Ripolles O, Miranda PC, Pascual-Leone A. Optimization of multifocal transcranial current stimulation for weighted cortical pattern targeting from realistic modeling of electric fields. Neuroimage. 2014;89:216\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.002.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"5172_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.034","volume":"70","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miranda PC, Mekonnen A, Salvador R, Ruffini G. The electric field in the cortex during transcranial current stimulation. Neuroimage. 2013;70:48\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.034.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"7","key":"5172_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0172","volume":"26","author":"D Muszkat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muszkat D, Polanczyk GV, Dias TGC, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26(7):590\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2015.0172.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"5172_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Breitling C, Zaehle T, Dannhauer M, Tegelbeckers J, Flechtner H-H, Krauel K. Comparison between conventional and HD-tDCS of the right inferior frontal gyrus in children and adolescents with ADHD. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(5):1146\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.12.412.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.12.412"},{"key":"5172_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimland B, Edelson SM. Autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC). 2000. https:\/\/www.autism.org\/autism-treatment-evaluation-checklist\/. Accessed 3 Mar 2021.","DOI":"10.1037\/t03995-000"},{"issue":"7","key":"5172_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3485-1","volume":"48","author":"J Wolstencroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wolstencroft J, Robinson L, Srinivasan R, Kerry E, Mandy W, Skuse D. A systematic review of group social skills interventions, and meta-analysis of outcomes, for children with high functioning ASD. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48(7):2293\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3485-1.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-009-9121-2","volume":"35","author":"E Sokhadze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sokhadze E, Baruth J, Tasman A, Mansoor M, Ramaswamy R, Sears L, Mathai G, el-Baz A, Casanova MF. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) affects event-related potential measures of novelty processing in autism. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010;35(2):147\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-009-9121-2.","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10874208.2010.501500","volume":"14","author":"JM Baruth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baruth JM, Casanova MF, El-Baz A, Horrell T, Mathai G, Sears L, Sokhadze E. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates evoked-gamma frequency oscillations in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurother. 2010;14(3):179\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10874208.2010.501500.","journal-title":"J Neurother"},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2478\/s13380-012-0022-0","volume":"3","author":"MF Casanova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casanova MF, Baruth JM, El-Baz A, Tasman A, Sears L, Sokhadze E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates event-related potential (ERP) indices of attention in autism. Transl Neurosci. 2012;3(2):170\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13380-012-0022-0.","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00134","volume":"8","author":"EM Sokhadze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sokhadze EM, El-Baz AS, Sears LL, Opris I, Casanova MF. rTMS neuromodulation improves electrocortical functional measures of information processing and behavioral responses in autism. Front Syst Neurosci. 2014;8:134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00134.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00851","volume":"8","author":"MF Casanova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casanova MF, Hensley MK, Sokhadze EM, El-Baz AS, Wang Y, Li X, Sears L. Effects of weekly low-frequency rTMS on autonomic measures in children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00851.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11689-010-9046-3","volume":"2","author":"CJ Cascio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cascio CJ. Somatosensory processing in neurodevelopmental disorders. J Neurodevelop Disord. 2010;2(2):62\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11689-010-9046-3.","journal-title":"J Neurodevelop Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"5172_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x","volume":"46","author":"SJ Rogers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S. Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(12):1255\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1586\/erp.12.29","volume":"12","author":"N Payakachat","year":"2012","unstructured":"Payakachat N, Tilford JM, Kovacs E, Kuhlthau K. Autism spectrum disorders: a review of measures for clinical, health services and cost-effectiveness applications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2012;12(4):485\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/erp.12.29.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"5172_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.038","volume":"85","author":"A-K Brem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brem A-K, Fried PJ, Horvath JC, Robertson EM, Pascual-Leone A. Is neuroenhancement by noninvasive brain stimulation a net zero-sum proposition? Neuroimage. 2014;85(Pt 3):1058\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.07.038.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/17518423.2017.1305004","volume":"21","author":"S Berggren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berggren S, Fletcher-Watson S, Milenkovic N, Marschik PB, B\u00f6lte S, Jonsson U. Emotion recognition training in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of challenges related to generalizability. Dev Neurorehabil. 2018;21(3):141\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17518423.2017.1305004.","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000152986.07469.e9","volume":"64","author":"MB Iyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Iyer MB, Mattu U, Grafman J, Lomarev M, Sato S, Wassermann EM. Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology. 2005;64(5):872\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000152986.07469.e9.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","volume":"117","author":"PC Gandiga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gandiga PC, Hummel FC, Cohen LG. Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(4):845\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/yct.0b013e3181e631a8","volume":"27","author":"L Tadini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tadini L, El-Nazer R, Brunoni AR, Williams J, Carvas M, Boggio P, et al. Cognitive, mood, and electroencephalographic effects of noninvasive cortical stimulation with weak electrical currents. J ECT. 2011;27(2):134\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/yct.0b013e3181e631a8.","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"5172_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Liebetanz D, Lang N, Antal A, Tergau F, Paulus W. Safety criteria for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2003;114:2220\u20132. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00235-9, 11, 2222.","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(03)00235-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"5172_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.05.001","volume":"115","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Niehaus L, Hoffmann KT, Hengst S, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, Meyer B-U. MRI study of human brain exposed to weak direct current stimulation of the frontal cortex. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(10):2419\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.05.001.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5172_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","volume":"9","author":"M Bikson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bikson M, Grossman P, Thomas C, Zannou AL, Jiang J, Adnan T, Mourdoukoutas AP, Kronberg G, Truong D, Boggio P, Brunoni AR, Charvet L, Fregni F, Fritsch B, Gillick B, Hamilton RH, Hampstead BM, Jankord R, Kirton A, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Liu A, Loo C, Nitsche MA, Reis J, Richardson JD, Rotenberg A, Turkeltaub PE, Woods AJ. Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimul. 2016;9(5):641\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"2","key":"5172_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/154596839801200204","volume":"12","author":"G Alon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alon G, Syron SC, Smith GV. Is Transcranial electrical stimulation (TCES) a safe intervention for children with cerebral palsy? Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 1998;12(2):65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154596839801200204.","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"5172_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.016","volume":"97","author":"ET Varga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Varga ET, Terney D, Atkins MD, Nikanorova M, Jeppesen DS, Uldall P, Hjalgrim H, Beniczky S. Transcranial direct current stimulation in refractory continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep: a controlled study. Epilepsy Res. 2011;97(1-2):142\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.07.016.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5172_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-012-0221-6","volume":"25","author":"M Siniatchkin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Siniatchkin M, Glatthaar N, von M\u00fcller GG, Prehn-Kristensen A, Wolff S, Kn\u00f6chel S, Steinmann E, Sotnikova A, Stephani U, Petermann F, Gerber WD. Behavioural treatment increases activity in the cognitive neuronal networks in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Topogr. 2012;25(3):332\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10548-012-0221-6.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5172_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.036","volume":"7","author":"A Prehn-Kristensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prehn-Kristensen A, Munz M, G\u00f6der R, Wilhelm I, Korr K, Vahl W, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(6):793\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.036.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"5172_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00307","volume":"9","author":"MT Munz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Munz MT, Prehn-Kristensen A, Thielking F, M\u00f6lle M, G\u00f6der R, Baving L. Slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation during non-rapid eye movement sleep improves behavioral inhibition in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2015.00307.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00072","volume":"10","author":"C Breitling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breitling C, Zaehle T, Dannhauer M, Bonath B, Tegelbeckers J, Flechtner H-H, Krauel K. Improving interference control in ADHD patients with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Front Cell Neurosci. 2016;10:72.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5172_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.01.001","volume":"4","author":"A Mattai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mattai A, Miller R, Weisinger B, Greenstein D, Bakalar J, Tossell J, David C, Wassermann EM, Rapoport J, Gogtay N. Tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 2011;4(4):275\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2011.01.001.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"5172_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.014","volume":"144","author":"R G\u00f6der","year":"2013","unstructured":"G\u00f6der R, Baier PC, Beith B, Baecker C, Seeck-Hirschner M, Junghanns K, Marshall L. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep on memory performance in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;144(1-3):153\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2012.12.014.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5172_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01115","volume":"29","author":"B Katz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katz B, Au J, Buschkuehl M, Abagis T, Zabel C, Jaeggi SM, Jonides J. Individual differences and long-term consequences of tDCS-augmented cognitive training. J Cogn Neurosci. 2017;29(9):1498\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_01115.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"5172_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2019.00071","volume":"13","author":"SJ Webb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Webb SJ, Shic F, Murias M, Sugar CA, Naples AJ, Barney E, Borland H, Hellemann G, Johnson S, Kim M, Levin AR, Sabatos-DeVito M, Santhosh M, Senturk D, Dziura J, Bernier RA, Chawarska K, Dawson G, Faja S, Jeste S, McPartland J, the Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical Trials. Biomarker acquisition and quality control for multi-site studies: the autism biomarkers consortium for clinical trials. Front Integr Neurosci. 2019;13:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2019.00071.","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T12:05:14Z","timestamp":1617710714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05172-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1745-6215"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was submitted to the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundestinstitut f\u00fcr Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM, Germany) and a waiver of authorization was granted; furthermore, the trial was evaluated and approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine at Goethe University Frankfurt (Ethik-Kommission des Fachbereichs Medizin der Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main, Germany). The study protocol was subsequently submitted to and approved by the French Drug and Health Products Safety Agency (Agence nationale de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du m\u00e9dicament et des produits de sant\u00e9, ANSM, France) and Ethical Committee (Comit\u00e9 de protection des personnes, CPP, France). The study protocol is currently under evaluation by National Authority of Medicines and Health Products, I.P. (Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento e Produtos de Sa\u00fade, INFARMED, Portugal) and the National Ethics Committee for Clinical Research (Comiss\u00e3o de \u00c9tica para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cl\u00ednica, CEIC, Portugal).Participants will only be included in the study after they and their caregivers give written informed assent\/consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"CL, MS, AM, HM, SB, AD, HCP, MCB, ML, FBB, JS, MS, CE and CMF have no competing interests to declare.GR is cofounder of Neuroelectrics; RS works at Neuroelectrics, a company that designs and produces EEG and tES solutions.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"248"}}