{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:18:13Z","timestamp":1793729893700,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Rates of caesarean section (CS) delivery are increasing worldwide. CS delivery is often complicated by post-surgical infection, estimated to have ten times higher risk of infections than that of vaginal delivery. While widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics with CS has reduced post-CS infection, incidence may be reduced further by cleansing the vagina with betadine antiseptic wash prior to CS. However, reports are not consistent, and different antiseptics have been practised variably. Therefore, in order to ensure that the risks to the mother are as minimal as possible, it is important to determine whether vaginal irrigation with antiseptic wash reduces post-CS infection rate, and if so, which antiseptic is paramount.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Women giving birth by elective or emergency CS will be assigned into either the intervention (1% povidone iodine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 125) or chlorhexidine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 125)) or the control (no-irrigation (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 125)) group by using a block randomisation technique. Participants will receive vaginal cleansing with an intervention or no vaginal cleansing prior to CS. Follow-up will occur at day 14 and day 28 post-CS. A predeveloped questionnaire will be completed with patients\u2019 socio-demographic characteristics and required clinical and pregnancy-related information. All the fever, infection and readmission-related information will be completed from either the patient\u2019s or their record or at follow-up visits. Occurrence of post-CS infection, as measured by primary and secondary outcomes, will be compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study may provide important data to define the future uniform use of vaginal antiseptic wash immediately prior to CS and to determine the best antiseptic wash details in reducing post-operative infections or complications.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/anzctr.org.au\/Trial\/Registration\/TrialReview.aspx?id=379933&amp;isReview=true\">ACTRN12620000971932p<\/jats:ext-link>. Registered on 28 September 2020<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:02:58Z","timestamp":1648166578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of vaginal antiseptic prior to caesarean section on the rate of post-caesarean complications: a blinded randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainsley M.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Rafiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"5857_CR1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia\u2019s mothers and babies 2016 - in brief. Canberra.\u00a02018."},{"issue":"6","key":"5857_CR2","first-page":"Cd007462","volume":"6","author":"DR Hadiati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hadiati DR, Hakimi M, Nurdiati DS, Masuzawa Y, da Silva Lopes K, Ota E. Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;6(6):Cd007462.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"5857_CR3","first-page":"Cd007892","volume":"4","author":"DM Haas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haas DM, Morgan S, Contreras K, Kimball S. Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;4(4):Cd007892.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"5857_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2017.1394281","volume":"38","author":"RC Pierson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pierson RC, Scott NP, Briscoe KE, Haas DM. A review of post-caesarean infectious morbidity: how to prevent and treat. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;38(5):591\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443615.2017.1394281.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5857_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1086\/655435","volume":"31","author":"MA Olsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Olsen MA, Butler AM, Willers DM, Gross GA, Fraser VJ. Comparison of costs of surgical site infection and endometritis after cesarean delivery using claims and medical record data. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(8):872\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/655435.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5857_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2012.01460.x","volume":"52","author":"V Clifford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clifford V, Daley A. Antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecological procedures: a review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;52(5):412\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2012.01460.x.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"5857_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3350","volume":"12","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu R, Lin L, Wang D. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in caesarean section delivery. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2016;12(2):961\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2016.3350.","journal-title":"Experimental and therapeutic medicine."},{"issue":"10","key":"5857_CR8","first-page":"Cd007482","volume":"2014","author":"FM Smaill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smaill FM, Grivell RM. Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(10):Cd007482.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5857_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster J, Osborne S. Preoperative bathing or showering with skin antiseptics to prevent surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):Cd004985.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004985.pub5"},{"key":"5857_CR10","volume-title":"WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal postpartum infections","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of maternal postpartum infections. Geneva: WHO; 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"5857_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.04.002","volume":"221","author":"JT Roeckner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roeckner JT, Sanchez-Ramos L, Mitta M, Kovacs A, Kaunitz AM. Povidone-iodine 1% is the most effective vaginal antiseptic for preventing post-cesarean endometritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(3):261.e1\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"5857_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S98876","volume":"9","author":"S Zuarez-Easton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zuarez-Easton S, Zafran N, Garmi G, Salim R. Postcesarean wound infection: prevalence, impact, prevention, and management challenges. Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:81\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJWH.S98876.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T12:01:20Z","timestamp":1648209680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5857"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-021-05857-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval to conduct the trial has been obtained from the Goulburn Valley Health Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: GVH22\/20) prior to initiating the trial. Written informed consent will be obtained from the participant before any trial-related data collection and procedures are carried out.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"231"}}