{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T23:52:11Z","timestamp":1781049131431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH120176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH120176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly 50% of men living with HIV in many countries are unaware of their HIV status; men also have lower uptake of HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In SSA, highly mobile men such as those working in fishing communities alongside Lake Victoria have low uptake of HIV testing and low rates of linkage to HIV treatment and PrEP, despite increasing availability of these services. HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits hold promise for overcoming barriers to HIV testing and linkage to services for HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. We describe here a protocol for an HIV status-neutral, social network-based approach to promote HIV testing, linkage to care and prevention, and better health outcomes, including adherence, in fishermen around Lake Victoria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Utilizing beach management unit (BMU) registries of fishermen operating in three Lake Victoria fishing communities in Siaya County, Kenya, we completed a census and social network mapping to identify close social networks of men. Network clusters identified by a socially-central lead (\u201cpromotor\u201d) and selected to ensure maximal separation between treatment and control will be randomized. Promotors in both arms will receive basic HIV training; intervention promotors are further trained in HIVST to distribute kits to their cluster, while control promotors will distribute to their cluster vouchers for free HIVST at nearby clinics. We will test whether these promoters can enhance linkage to ART and PrEP<jats:italic>after<\/jats:italic>self-testing, thereby addressing a key limitation of HIVST. We will also measure 6- and 12-month viral load in those living with HIV and PrEP adherence among those without HIV via urine tenofovir levels as objective markers of adherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has the potential to improve HIV health and promote HIV prevention among a hard to reach, at-risk, and highly mobile population of men in Western Kenya\u2014a critical population in Kenya\u2019s HIV prevention and treatment program. Further, if successful, this innovative social networks-based model could be scaled at the regional level to address HIV prevention and care among similarly at-risk populations of men in eastern Africa and inland fisheries settings across the continent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self-Test Strategies and Linkage Incentives to Improve ART and PrEP Uptake in Men, registered on February 26, 2021, registration #<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04772469\">NCT04772469<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T06:02:29Z","timestamp":1654495349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Testing a social network approach to promote HIV self-testing and linkage to care among fishermen at Lake Victoria: study protocol for the Owete cluster randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1831-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lila A.","family":"Sheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Kwena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin D.","family":"Charlebois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawango","family":"Agot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benard","family":"Ayieko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Bukusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Thirumurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol S.","family":"Camlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6409_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. THE GAP REPORT, vol. 2014. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014."},{"key":"6409_CR2","volume-title":"90-90-90: An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2014","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 90-90-90: An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"6409_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000604","volume":"69","author":"C Boull\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boull\u00e9 C, Kouanfack C, Laborde-Balen G, Boyer S, Aghokeng AF, Carrieri MP, et al. Gender differences in adherence and response to antiretroviral treatment in the Stratall trial in rural district hospitals in Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(3):355\u201364.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"6409_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000741","volume":"29","author":"D Maman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maman D, Zeh C, Mukui I, Kirubi B, Masson S, Opolo V, et al. Cascade of HIV care and population viral suppression in a high-burden region of Kenya. AIDS (London, England). 2015;29(12):1557.","journal-title":"AIDS (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13473-y","volume":"10","author":"A Vandormael","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vandormael A, Akullian A, Siedner M, de Oliveira T, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Tanser F. Declines in HIV incidence among men and women in a South African population-based cohort. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR6","first-page":"10","volume":"24","author":"SP Buchbinder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buchbinder SP, Liu AY. CROI 2016: Hot spots in HIV infection and advances in HIV prevention. Top Antivir Med. 2016;24(1):10\u201328.","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6409_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30413-8","volume":"7","author":"S Cassels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cassels S. Time, population mobility, and HIV transmission. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(3):e151\u2013e2.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2019.1572533","volume":"16","author":"R Naigino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naigino R, Wagner GJ, Mukasa B, Musoke W, Sileo KM, Bogart LM, et al. HIV fatalism and engagement in transactional sex among Ugandan fisherfolk living with HIV. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS Research Alliance. 2019;16(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS Research Alliance"},{"key":"6409_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbonye M, Siu G, Seeley J. Marginal men, respectable masculinity and access to HIV services through intimate relationships with female sex workers in Kampala, Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2022;296:114742.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114742"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"6409_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1164806","volume":"28","author":"CS Camlin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camlin CS, Ssemmondo E, Chamie G, El Ayadi AM, Kwarisiima D, Sang N, et al. Men \u201cmissing\u201d from population-based HIV testing: insights from qualitative research. AIDS Care. 2016;28(Suppl 3):67\u201373.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"6409_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sileo KM, Wanyenze RK, Kizito W, Reed E, Brodine SK, Chemusto H, et al. Multi-level determinants of clinic attendance and antiretroviral treatment adherence among fishermen living with HIV\/AIDS in communities on Lake Victoria, Uganda. AIDS and Behavior. 2019;23(2):406-17.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2207-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"6409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331336698","volume":"17","author":"JA Seeley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seeley JA, Allison EH. HIV\/AIDS in fishing communities: challenges to delivering antiretroviral therapy to vulnerable groups. AIDS Care. 2005;17(6):688\u201397.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"6409_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25647","volume":"23","author":"CS Camlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Camlin CS, Charlebois ED, Getahun M, Akatukwasa C, Atwine F, Itiakorit H, et al. Pathways for reduction of HIV-related stigma: a model derived from longitudinal qualitative research in Kenya and Uganda. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(12):e25647.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"6409_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2010.010160","volume":"21","author":"ZA Kwena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kwena ZA, Bukusi EA, Ng'ayo MO, Buffardi AL, Nguti R, Richardson B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in a high-risk occupational group: the case of fishermen along Lake Victoria in Kisumu. Kenya Int J STD AIDS. 2010;21(10):708\u201313.","journal-title":"Kenya Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"6409_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2013.25.3.216","volume":"25","author":"CS Camlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Camlin CS, Kwena ZA, Dworkin SL, Jaboya vs. jakambi: status, negotiation, and HIV risks among female migrants in the \u201csex for fish\u201d economy in Nyanza Province, Kenya. AIDS Educ Prev. 2013;25(3):216\u201331.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"0","key":"6409_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.004","volume":"102","author":"CS Camlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Camlin CS, Kwena ZA, Dworkin SL, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA. \u201cShe mixes her business\u201d: HIV transmission and acquisition risks among female migrants in western Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2014;102(0):146\u201356.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"6409_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.05.015","volume":"74","author":"KJ Fiorella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiorella KJ, Camlin CS, Salmen CR, Omondi R, Hickey MD, Omollo DO, et al. Transactional fish-for-sex relationships amid declining fish access in Kenya. World Dev. 2015;74:323\u201332.","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054523","volume":"8","author":"ZA Kwena","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kwena ZA, Camlin CS, Shisanya CA, Mwanzo I, Bukusi EA. Short-term mobility and the risk of HIV infection among married couples in the fishing communities along Lake Victoria, Kenya. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54523.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"6409_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.824541","volume":"26","author":"A Smolak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smolak A. A meta-analysis and systematic review of HIV risk behavior among fishermen. AIDS Care. 2014;26(3):282\u201391.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-33","volume":"14","author":"GE Siu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siu GE, Wight D, Seeley JA. Masculinity, social context and HIV testing: an ethnographic study of men in Busia district, rural eastern Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6409_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1848-9","volume":"22","author":"C Harichund","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harichund C, Moshabela M. Acceptability of HIV self-testing in sub-Saharan Africa: scoping study. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(2):560\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"6409_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines on HIV self-testing and partner notification: supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"6409_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"SN Mavedzenge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mavedzenge SN, Luecke E, Lopez A, Wagner D, Hartmann M, Lutnick A, et al. HIV testing among key populations, adolescent girls and men in Eastern and Southern Africa: a review of research, policy and programming. Methods. 2016;2:1.","journal-title":"Methods."},{"issue":"10","key":"6409_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001102","volume":"8","author":"AT Choko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choko AT, Desmond N, Webb EL, Chavula K, Napierala-Mavedzenge S, Gaydos CA, et al. The uptake and accuracy of oral kits for HIV self-testing in high HIV prevalence setting: a cross-sectional feasibility study in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS Med. 2011;8(10):e1001102.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6409_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson KS, Mugo C, Katz DA, Manyeki V, Mungwala C, Otiso L, et al. High acceptance and completion of HIV self-testing among diverse populations of young people in Kenya using a community-based distribution strategy. AIDS and Behavior. 2022;26(3):964-74.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03451-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"6409_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002166","volume":"13","author":"SH Masters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masters SH, Agot K, Obonyo B, Napierala Mavedzenge S, Maman S, Thirumurthy H. Promoting partner testing and couples testing through secondary distribution of HIV self-tests: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS Med. 2016;13(11):e1002166.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6409_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00041-2","volume":"3","author":"H Thirumurthy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thirumurthy H, Masters S, Napierala Mavedzenge S, Maman S, Omanga E, Agot A. Promoting male partner HIV testing and safer sexual decision making through secondary distribution of self-tests by HIV-negative female sex workers and women receiving antenatal and post-partum care in Kenya: a cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(6):e266\u2013e74.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"6409_CR28","volume-title":"HIV self-testing Africa: the STAR Initiative","author":"Project Star International","year":"2018","unstructured":"Project Star International. HIV self-testing Africa: the STAR Initiative. Washington, DC: PSI; 2018. [Available from: https:\/\/www.psi.org\/project\/star\/]"},{"key":"6409_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195160369.001.0001","volume-title":"Theories of communication networks","author":"PR Monge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monge PR, Contractor NS. Theories of communication networks. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003."},{"key":"6409_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301014.001.0001","volume-title":"Social networks and health: models, methods, and applications","author":"TW Valente","year":"2010","unstructured":"Valente TW. Social networks and health: models, methods, and applications. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010."},{"key":"6409_CR31","volume-title":"The structure and dynamics of networks","author":"M Newman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newman M, Barab\u00e1si AL, Watts D. The structure and dynamics of networks. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2006."},{"key":"6409_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478","volume-title":"Social network analysis: methods and applications","author":"S Wasserman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wasserman S, Faust K. Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1994."},{"key":"6409_CR33","volume-title":"The hidden power of social networks: understanding how work really gets done in organizations","author":"R Cross","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cross R, Parker A. The hidden power of social networks: understanding how work really gets done in organizations. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press; 2006."},{"issue":"2","key":"6409_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144131","volume":"116","author":"B Sacerdote","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sacerdote B. Peer effects with random assignment: Results for Dartmouth roommates. Q J Econ. 2001;116(2):681\u2013704.","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6409_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa066082","volume":"357","author":"NA Christakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(4):370\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR36","first-page":"5","volume":"19","author":"NA Christakis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Social network visualization in epidemiology. Norsk Epidemiol = Norwegian J Epidemiol. 2009;19(1):5\u201316.","journal-title":"Norsk Epidemiol = Norwegian J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6409_CR37","volume-title":"County Integrated Development Plan 2013 \u2013 2017","author":"County Government of Siaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"County Government of Siaya. County Integrated Development Plan 2013 \u2013 2017. Siaya: County Government of Siaya; 2013."},{"key":"6409_CR38","volume-title":"County Annual Development Plan 2016-2017","author":"County Government of Siaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"County Government of Siaya. County Annual Development Plan 2016-2017. Siaya: County Government of Siaya; 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"6409_CR39","first-page":"134","volume":"52","author":"RG Wamai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wamai RG. The Kenya Health System\u2014analysis of the situation and enduring challenges. JMAJ. 2009;52(2):134\u201340.","journal-title":"JMAJ."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6409_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-12-S1-S3","volume":"12","author":"A Kes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kes A, Ogwang S, Pande R, Douglas Z, Karuga R, Odhiambo FO, et al. The economic burden of maternal mortality on households: evidence from three sub-counties in rural western Kenya. Reprod Health. 2015;12(Suppl 1):S3.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"6409_CR41","unstructured":"Kenya National AIDS and STI Control Programme. Preliminary KENPHIA 2018 Report. National AIDS and STI Control Program (NASCOP) Accessed 14 Apr 2020."},{"key":"6409_CR42","volume-title":"Kenya HIV County Profiles","author":"Kenya National AIDS and STI control programme","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kenya National AIDS and STI control programme. Kenya HIV County Profiles. 2016."},{"key":"6409_CR43","volume-title":"The state of the health referral system in Kenya: results from a baseline study on the functionality of the health referral system in eight counties","author":"Kenya Ministry of Health","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health. The state of the health referral system in Kenya: results from a baseline study on the functionality of the health referral system in eight counties. MEASURE Evaluation-PIMA; 2013."},{"key":"6409_CR44","volume-title":"Constructing grounded theory","author":"K Charmaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charmaz K. Constructing grounded theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2014.","edition":"2"},{"key":"6409_CR45","volume-title":"Sample size calculations for clustered and longitudinal outcomes in clinical research","author":"C Ahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahn C, Heo M, Zhang S. Sample size calculations for clustered and longitudinal outcomes in clinical research. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2015."},{"key":"6409_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118763452","volume-title":"How to design, analyse and report cluster randomised trials in medicine and health related research","author":"MJ Campbell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell MJ, Walters SJ. How to design, analyse and report cluster randomised trials in medicine and health related research. Chichester: Wiley; 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"6409_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094932","volume":"9","author":"N Kiwanuka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kiwanuka N, Ssetaala A, Nalutaaya A, Mpendo J, Wambuzi M, Nanvubya A, et al. High incidence of HIV-1 infection in a general population of fishing communities around Lake Victoria, Uganda. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e94932.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3784-4","volume":"18","author":"A Kapesa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kapesa A, Basinda N, Nyanza EC, Mushi MF, Jahanpour O, Ngallaba SE. Prevalence of HIV infection and uptake of HIV\/AIDS services among fisherfolk in landing Islands of Lake Victoria, north western Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6409_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2010.046805","volume":"87","author":"G Asiki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Asiki G, Mpendo J, Abaasa A, Agaba C, Nanvubya A, Nielsen L, et al. HIV and syphilis prevalence and associated risk factors among fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(6):511\u20135.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2010.484575","volume":"9","author":"J Nagoli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nagoli J, Holvoet K, Remme M. HIV and AIDS vulnerability in fishing communities in Mangochi district, Malawi. Afr J AIDS Res. 2010;9(1):71\u201380.","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"key":"6409_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17364","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.15.3.17364","volume":"15","author":"EE MacPherson","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacPherson EE, Sadalaki J, Njoloma M, Nyongopa V, Nkhwazi L, Mwapasa V, et al. Transactional sex and HIV: understanding the gendered structural drivers of HIV in fishing communities in Southern Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15:17364.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"6409_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050600965968","volume":"9","author":"S Merten","year":"2007","unstructured":"Merten S, Haller T. Culture, changing livelihoods, and HIV\/AIDS discourse: reframing the institutionalization of fish-for-sex exchange in the Zambian Kafue Flats. Cult Health Sex. 2007;9(1):69\u201383.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"5","key":"6409_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2007.05.010","volume":"36","author":"C B\u00e9n\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"B\u00e9n\u00e9 C, Merten S. Women and fish-for-sex: transactional sex, HIV\/AIDS and gender in African fisheries. World Dev. 2008;36(5):875\u201399.","journal-title":"World Dev"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1700676876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06409-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 April 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All study activities have been approved by NIH, the UCSF Institutional Review Board, and the Kenya Medical Research Institute\u2019s Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (KEMRI SERU).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"NA.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"463"}}