{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:14:40Z","timestamp":1785503680457,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tilray"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The last few decades have seen increasing interest in the use of cannabis for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent attempts to evaluate the clinical efficacy of cannabis for PTSD were inconclusive and generalizability was limited by undesirable features of the study drug. The present clinical trial evaluated the effects of a commercially available chemovar that was delivered by vaporization. The study was designed as a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study with three conditions; however, only five individuals completed the trial, and analysis of the placebo effect was not possible. Results identified positive changes consistent with medium-sized within-subject effects for cannabis in the treatment of PTSD. Positive trending results and high patient need mandate future studies of cannabis for the treatment of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T18:02:09Z","timestamp":1694282529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A small clinical trial of vaporized cannabis for PTSD: suggestive results and directions for future study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zach","family":"Walsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"St. Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew","family":"DeClerck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaye","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.002","volume":"51","author":"Z Walsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walsh Z, Gonzalez R, Crosby K, et al. Medical cannabis and mental health: A guided systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;51:15\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.002.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"7543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.162","volume":"43","author":"MN Hill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill MN, Campolongo P, Yehuda R, Patel S. Integrating Endocannabinoid Signaling and Cannabinoids into the Biology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(1):80\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2017.162.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"7543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119882806","volume":"34","author":"S Lake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lake S, Kerr T, Buxton J, et al. Does cannabis use modify the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on severe depression and suicidal ideation? Evidence from a population-based cross-sectional study of Canadians. J Psychopharmacol. 2020;34(2):181\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881119882806.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"7543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.05.005","volume":"22","author":"K Hutchison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hutchison K, Bidwell L, Ellingson J, Bryan A. Cannabis and Health Research: Rapid Progress Requires Innovative Research Designs. Value in Health. 2019;22(11):1289\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jval.2019.05.005.","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7543_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246990","volume":"16","author":"MO Bonn-Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonn-Miller MO, Sisley S, Riggs P, et al. The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0246990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0246990.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"3","key":"7543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","volume":"30","author":"FW Weathers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM, Marx BP. The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):383\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000486. (Epub 2017 May 11. PMID: 28493729; PMCID: PMC5805662).","journal-title":"Psychol Assess."},{"issue":"11","key":"7543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254","volume":"28","author":"MJ Bovin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, Keane TM. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28(11):1379\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000254. (Epub 2015 Dec 14 PMID: 2665305).","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T21:50:32Z","timestamp":1700257832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-023-07543-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02517424) and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Board at the University of British Columbia (H16-01026). Participants provided written informed consent prior to participating.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Philippe Lucas was Vice President, Global Patient Research and Access, for Tilray, the study sponsor, during the course of the clinical trial, and his compensation included stock options for Tilray.Zach Walsh has received research support from Tilray to conduct this study and has also received research support from DOJA who are a licensed producer of cannabis. Dr Walsh is a former Director of Indigenous Bloom which is a company that works to provide opportunities to Indigenous communities in Canada to engage in cannabis cultivation and sales.Kim Crosby, Michelle St. Pierre, and Drew DeClerck received paid research assistantships from MITACS and Tilray to assist with the implementation of the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"578"}}