{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:06:28Z","timestamp":1778216788727,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The guidelines of the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes suggest that patients with obesity type 2 diabetics and chronic kidney disease need either glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. If neither achieve metabolic control, then the recommendation is to combine both drugs. The evidence base for combining glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors is not well researched, and hence, the impact of the guidelines is limited. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to test the impact of the combination of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues\/sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on body weight and kidney damage, in patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In addition, we will explore the associated changes in the metabolic pathways with each of the treatments used in this randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this 6-month randomized control trial, 60 participants aged between 21 and 65 years, with a body mass index above 25 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and type 1 diabetics with chronic kidney disease will be randomized to receive 1 of 5 possible treatments: (1) standard care (control), (2) glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues alone, (3) sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors alone, (4) combination of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and (5) combination of glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors with intensive lifestyle advice. The primary objective will be the percentage change in total body weight from baseline at 6 months. The secondary objectives are to compare the change in glycaemia; blood pressure; dyslipidaemia; albuminuria; proportion of participants reaching weight loss of \u2265 5%, \u2265 10% and \u2265 15%; and change in BMI (kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) from baseline and change in waist circumference (cm). All the experiments will be conducted at the Dasman Diabetes Institute after approval from the local research and ethics committee.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the impact of the combination of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on body weight and kidney damage in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, as well as exploring the associated changes in the metabolic pathways with each of the treatments used. This study addresses the current gap in the evidence base regarding the combination of these two drugs, which is particularly relevant given the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes guidelines recommending their combined use for patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease who do not achieve metabolic control with either drug alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05390307\u00a0Trial registration date - 25th May 2022<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-07930-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T12:02:08Z","timestamp":1708084928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Obesity Treatments to Improve Type 1 Diabetes (OTID): a randomized controlled trial of the combination of glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors\u2014protocol for Obesity Treatments to Improve Type 1 Diabetes (the OTID trial)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ebaa","family":"Al-Ozairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavita","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander D.","family":"Miras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etab","family":"Taghadom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer El","family":"Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumana","family":"Al Kandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Alyosef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Mashankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Werd","family":"Al-Najim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carel W.","family":"le Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"7930_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0323-4","volume":"16","author":"N Docherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docherty N, le Roux C. 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RAHM 2021009). The research will be performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants will take part in the study after having provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"ADM has received research funding from the National Institute for Health and care Research, Medical Research Council, Jon Moulton Charity Trust, Fractyl, Novo Nordisk, Fractyl and Randox. ADM has received honoraria for educational events from Novo Nordisk, Astra Zeneca, Currax, Boehringer Ingelheim Screen Health and GI Dynamics. These funders were not involved in this study. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests. The communication reflects the authors\u2019 views, and Dasman Diabetes Institute Kuwait is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"129"}}