{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T17:18:11Z","timestamp":1785691091755,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T07:02:38Z","timestamp":1729234958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dosing overground robotic gait training after spinal cord injury: a randomized clinical trial protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Suhalka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Zanela","family":"da Silva Areas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Driver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Sikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ting","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Librada","family":"Callender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ting","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"8503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6250","volume":"313","author":"NB Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain NB, Ayers GD, Peterson EN, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury in the United States, 1993\u20132012. JAMA. 2015;313(22):2236\u201343.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"8503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102172","volume":"46","author":"P Ditunno","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ditunno P, Patrick M, Stineman M, Ditunno J. Who wants to walk? Preferences for recovery after SCI: a longitudinal and cross-sectional study. Spinal cord. 2008;46(7):500\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"26","key":"8503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106273242601","volume":"324","author":"FH Geisler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Geisler FH, Dorsey FC, Coleman WP. Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury\u2014a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(26):1829\u20131838.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-190248","volume":"32","author":"C Swank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swank C, Galvan C, DiPasquale J, et al. Lessons learned from robotic gait training during rehabilitation: therapeutic and medical severity considerations over 3 years. Technol Disabil. 2020;32(2):103\u201310.","journal-title":"Technol Disabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR5","first-page":"409","volume":"15","author":"C Swank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swank C, Sikka S, Driver S, Bennett M, Callender L. Feasibility of integrating robotic exoskeleton gait training in inpatient rehabilitation. disability and rehabilitation. Assist Technol. 2019;15(4):409\u201317 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Assist Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000409","volume":"43","author":"C Swank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swank C, Trammell M, Bennett M, et al. The utilization of an overground robotic exoskeleton for gait training during inpatient rehabilitation\u2014single-center retrospective findings. Int J Rehabil Res. 2020;43(3):206\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0017-3","volume":"56","author":"KA Martin Ginis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin Ginis KA, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal cord. 2018;56(4):308\u201321.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"8503_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.01.010","volume":"123","author":"S Groppa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Groppa S, Oliviero A, Eisen A, et al. A practical guide to diagnostic transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(5):858\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2190-9","volume":"163","author":"WB McKay","year":"2005","unstructured":"McKay WB, Lee DC, Lim HK, Holmes SA, Sherwood AM. Neurophysiological examination of the corticospinal system and voluntary motor control in motor-incomplete human spinal cord injury. Exp Brain Res. 2005;163(3):379\u201387.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"8503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.47","volume":"54","author":"KA Potter-Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Potter-Baker KA, Janini DP, Frost FS, et al. Reliability of TMS metrics in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal cord. 2016;54(11):980\u201390.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"8503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","volume":"120","author":"Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A, Group SoTC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A, Group SoTC. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol. 2009;120(12):2008\u201339.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"8503_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101223","volume":"39","author":"PL Ditunno","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ditunno PL, Dittuno JF. Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI II): scale revision. Spinal cord. 2001;39(12):654.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"8503_CR13","first-page":"7","volume":"89","author":"RJ Marino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marino RJ, Scivoletto G, Patrick M, et al. Walking index for spinal cord injury version 2 (WISCI-II) with repeatability of the 10-m walk time: Inter- and interrater reliabilities. AmJPhysMedRehabil. 2010;89(1):7.","journal-title":"AmJPhysMedRehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2013-0236","volume":"23","author":"A Middleton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Middleton A, Fritz SL, Lusardi M. Walking speed: the functional vital sign. J Aging Phys Act. 2015;23(2):314\u201322.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102134","volume":"46","author":"T Lam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lam T, Noonan VK, Eng JJ. A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury. Spinal cord. 2008;46(4):246.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"8503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2006.03.0033","volume":"44","author":"MG Bowden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bowden MG, Behrman AL. Step Activity Monitor: accuracy and test-retest reliability in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44(3):355\u201362.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000057226.22271.44","volume":"82","author":"M Itzkovich","year":"2003","unstructured":"Itzkovich M, Tamir A, Philo O, et al. Reliability of the Catz-Itzkovich Spinal Cord Independence Measure assessment by interview and comparison with observation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. A 2003;82(4):267.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"8503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100504","volume":"35","author":"A Catz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Catz A, Itzkovich M, Agranov E, Ring H, Tamir A. SCIM-spinal cord independence measure: a new disability scale for patients with spinal cord lesions. Spinal cord. 1997;35(12):850.","journal-title":"Spinal cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"8503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753405","volume":"30","author":"TN Bryce","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bryce TN, Budh CN, Cardenas DD, et al. Pain after spinal cord injury: an evidence-based review for clinical practice and research. Report of the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Spinal Cord Injury Measures meeting. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(5):421\u201340.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00371-4","volume":"56","author":"AJ Dittner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dittner AJ, Wessely SC, Brown RG. The assessment of fatigue: a practical guide for clinicians and researchers. J Psychosom Res. 2004;56(2):157\u201370.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.009","volume":"89","author":"HA Anton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anton HA, Miller WC, Townson AF. Measuring fatigue in persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(3):538\u201342.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"8503_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90014-3","volume":"77","author":"MM Priebe","year":"1996","unstructured":"Priebe MM, Sherwood AM, Thornby JI, Kharas NF, Markowski J. Clinical assessment of spasticity in spinal cord injury: a multidimensional problem. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(7):713\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102125","volume":"46","author":"J Hsieh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hsieh J, Wolfe D, Miller W, Curt A. Spasticity outcome measures in spinal cord injury: psychometric properties and clinical utility. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(2):86.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"11","key":"8503_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.07.348","volume":"85","author":"CH Bombardier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bombardier CH, Richards JS, Krause JS, Tulsky D, Tate DG. Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(11):1749\u201356.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr629oa","volume":"17","author":"AG Anke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anke AG, Fugl-Meyer AR. Life satisfaction several years after severe multiple trauma\u2013a retrospective investigation. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(4):431\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"8503_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-019-0254-8","volume":"57","author":"E Albaum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albaum E, Quinn E, Sedaghatkish S, et al. Accuracy of the Actigraph wGT3x-BT for step counting during inpatient spinal cord rehabilitation. Spinal Cord. 2019;57(7):571.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1294-z","volume":"187","author":"E Houdayer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Houdayer E, Degardin A, Cassim F, Bocquillon P, Derambure P, Devanne H. The effects of low- and high-frequency repetitive TMS on the input\/output properties of the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res. 2008;187(2):207\u201317.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"8503_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","volume":"41","author":"F Faul","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"8503_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101853","volume":"44","author":"HJ Van Hedel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Hedel HJ, Wirz M, Curt A. Improving walking assessment in subjects with an incomplete spinal cord injury: responsiveness. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(6):352\u20136.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"2020","key":"8503_CR31","first-page":"2102785","volume":"21","author":"CY Fang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fang CY, Tsai JL, Li GS, Lien ASY, Chang YJ. Effects of robot-assisted gait training in individuals with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;21(2020):2102785.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"22","key":"8503_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.22.2173","volume":"58","author":"MK Slack","year":"2001","unstructured":"Slack MK, Draugalis JR. Establishing the internal and external validity of experimental studies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(22):2173\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"8503_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063032","volume":"23","author":"T Moeller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moeller T, Moehler F, Krell-Roesch J, De\u017eman M, Marquardt C, Asfour T, Stein T, Woll A. Use of lower limb exoskeletons as an assessment tool for human motor performance: a systematic review. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(6):3032.","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"8503_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155231152567","volume":"37","author":"MD Brave","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brave MD, Beaudart C, Noordhout BM, Gillot V, Kaux JF. Effect of robot-assisted gait training on quality of life and depression in neurological impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2023;37(7):876\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"8503_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01003-9","volume":"19","author":"F Tamburella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tamburella F, Lorusso M, Tramontano M, Fadlun S, Masciullo M, Scivoletto G. Overground robotic training effects on walking and secondary health conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury: systematic review. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2022;19(1):27.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T07:09:08Z","timestamp":1729235348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08503-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study obtained ethical approval from the Institutional Research Ethical Committee (021\u2013205) of the Baylor Scott Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA, which means all of the study procedures remain in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki concerning Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Informed consent will be obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors provided consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"690"}}