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Anticholinergic medications are common treatments for chronic conditions and have been repeatedly associated with poor cognitive outcomes, including delirium and dementia, in epidemiologic studies. However, no study has definitively evaluated the causal relationship between anticholinergics and cognition in a randomized controlled trial design. Utilizing our prior experience in deprescribing anticholinergic medications in various clinical environments, we designed an outpatient deprescribing intervention to prospectively test the potential causal relationship between anticholinergics and cognition in primary care older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cluster randomized clinical trial will be conducted to evaluate the impact of an anticholinergic deprescribing intervention compared to usual care on outcomes of cognition and safety in primary care older adults. Participants will include those aged 65\u00a0years and over, receiving primary care in the greater Indianapolis area, using a strong anticholinergic within the last 2\u00a0weeks or with evidence of high-risk exposure in the past year. Those excluded will have a diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease or related dementia, or serious mental illness. The trial plans to enroll 344 participants who will be cluster-randomized at the level of primary care physician to avoid contamination. Participants will complete outcome assessments every 6\u00a0months up to 2\u00a0years by blinded outcome assessors. The primary outcome of the study is a composite measure of cognition that includes domains assessing executive cognitive function, language, and memory. Secondary outcomes include patient-reported measures of pain intensity, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and health-related quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The R2D2 trial will be the largest and longest prospective randomized trial testing the impact of an anticholinergic-specific deprescribing intervention on cognition in primary care older adults. Results could influence deprescribing methodology and provide new insight on the relationship between anticholinergics and cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04270474. Registered on February 17, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08618-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T05:36:58Z","timestamp":1732253818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deprescribing anticholinergics to preserve brain health: reducing the risk of dementia through deprescribing (R2D2): study protocol for a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-9339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noll L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick W.","family":"Unverzagt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allie","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Addison B.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Manoharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle L.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Pelkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Papineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Lauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Keshk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Alamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malaz A.","family":"Boustani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"8618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1997.tb02964.x","volume":"45","author":"JT Hanlon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hanlon JT, Schmader KE, Koronkowski MJ, et al. 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The trial has also been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04270474).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable\u2014no identifying images or other personal or clinical details of individual participants are presented here or will be presented in reports of the trial results. The participant information materials and informed consent form are available from the corresponding author on request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Boustani serves as a Chief Scientific Officer and co-Founder of Blue Agilis; the Chief Health Officer of DigiCare Realized, Inc; and the Chief Health Officer of Mozyne Health, Inc. He has equity interest in Blue Agilis, Inc; DigiCare Realized, Inc; and Mozyne Health, Inc. He sold his equity in Preferred Population Health Management LLC and MyShift, Inc (previously known as RestUp, LLC). He serves as an advisory board member or consultant for Eli Lilly and Co; Eisai, Inc; Merck & Co Inc; Biogen Inc; and Genentech Inc. These conflicts have been reviewed by Indiana University and has been appropriately managed to maintain objectivity. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"788"}}