{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:54:43Z","timestamp":1782849283283,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:50:26Z","timestamp":1733388626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Safety and effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on patients with depersonalization-derealization disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3608-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sisi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongqing","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"8658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j745","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j745","volume":"356","author":"ECM Hunter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hunter ECM, Charlton J, David AS. Depersonalisation and derealisation: assessment and management. BMJ. 2017;356: j745.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8658_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0908-4","volume":"16","author":"M Michal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Michal M, Adler J, Wiltink J, Reiner I, Tschan R, W\u00f6lfling K, et al. A case series of 223 patients with depersonalization-derealization syndrome. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:203.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.5.428","volume":"182","author":"D Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker D, Hunter E, Lawrence E, Medford N, Patel M, Senior C, et al. Depersonalisation disorder: clinical features of 204 cases. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2003;182:428\u201333.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"8658_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"J Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang J, Millman LSM, David AS, Hunter ECM. The prevalence of depersonalization-derealization disorder: a systematic review. J Trauma Amp Dissociation. 2022;24:1\u201334.","journal-title":"J Trauma Amp Dissociation"},{"key":"8658_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"D Simeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simeon D, Knutelska M, Putnam FW, Schmeidler J, Smith LM. Attention and Memory in depersonalization-spectrum dissociative disorders: impact of selective-divided attentional condition, stimulus emotionality, and stress. J Trauma Dissociation Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation ISSD. 2022;24:1\u201321.","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation Off J Int Soc Study Dissociation ISSD"},{"key":"8658_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31815c19cd","volume":"195","author":"O Guralnik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Guralnik O, Giesbrecht T, Knutelska M, Sirroff B, Simeon D. Cognitive functioning in depersonalization disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:983\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"8658_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.157.1.103","volume":"157","author":"O Guralnik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Guralnik O, Schmeidler J, Simeon D. Feeling unreal: cognitive processes in depersonalization. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:103\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00023-7","volume":"44","author":"D Simeon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Simeon D, Stein DJ, Hollander E. Treatment of depersonalization disorder with clomipramine. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:302\u20133.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR9","first-page":"45","volume":"17","author":"SR Weber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weber SR. Use of mixed amphetamine salts in a patient with depersonalization\/derealization disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2020;17:45\u20138.","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"8658_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.1.31","volume":"185","author":"D Simeon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simeon D, Guralnik O, Schmeidler J, Knutelska M. Fluoxetine therapy in depersonalisation disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:31\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199006000-00008","volume":"10","author":"E Hollander","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hollander E, Liebowitz MR, DeCaria C, Fairbanks J, Fallon B, Klein DF. Treatment of depersonalization with serotonin reuptake blockers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:200\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"8658_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881103017001712","volume":"17","author":"M Sierra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sierra M, Phillips ML, Ivin G, Krystal J, David AS. A placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of lamotrigine in depersonalization disorder. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2003;17:103\u20135.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)"},{"key":"8658_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1012b","volume":"62","author":"M Sierra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sierra M, Phillips ML, Lambert MV, Senior C, David AS, Krystal JH. Lamotrigine in the treatment of depersonalization disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:826\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2017.04.003","volume":"44","author":"A Bout","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bout A, Berhili N, Benbrahim M, Aalouane R, Rammouz I. Lamotrigine in the treatment of resistant depersonalization disorder: a case report. Encephale. 2018;44:85\u20137.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"8658_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000162803.61700.4f","volume":"25","author":"D Simeon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simeon D, Knutelska M. An open trial of naltrexone in the treatment of depersonalization disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:267\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"8658_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000869","volume":"38","author":"JV Weber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weber JV, Frizzell W, Bullard KA, Chien J. Resolution of acute-onset depersonalization\/derealization with clonazepam and inpatient hospitalization. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;38:272\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"8658_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.51.4.479","volume":"51","author":"SJ Dollinger","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dollinger SJ. A case report of dissociative neurosis (depersonalization disorder) in an adolescent treated with family therapy and behavior modification. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:479\u201384.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"8658_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.123","volume":"160","author":"CG Ballard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ballard CG, Mohan RNC, Handy S. Chronic depersonalisation neurosis au Shorvon - a successful intervention. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:123\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.08.003","volume":"43","author":"ECM Hunter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunter ECM, Baker D, Phillips ML, Sierra M, David AS. Cognitive-behaviour therapy for depersonalisation disorder: an open study. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:1121\u201330.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"8658_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197812000-00041","volume":"71","author":"A McKellar","year":"1978","unstructured":"McKellar A. Depersonalization in a 16-year-old boy. South Med J. 1978;71:1580\u20131.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"8658_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2009.10401701","volume":"52","author":"HE Hollander","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hollander HE. ECEM (Eye Closure, Eye Movements): application to depersonalization disorder. Am J Clin Hypn. 2009;52:95\u2013109.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Hypn"},{"key":"8658_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.12.1543","volume":"135","author":"D Sookman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sookman D, Solyom L. Severe depersonalization treated by behavior therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1978;135:1543\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1979.45.3.904","volume":"45","author":"FR Blue","year":"1979","unstructured":"Blue FR. Use of directive therapy in the treatment of depersonalization neurosis. Psychol Rep. 1979;45:904\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"8658_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christopeit M, Simeon D, Mantovani A. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on specific symptom clusters in depersonalization disorder (DPD). Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28. Available from: https:\/\/www.embase.com\/search\/results?subaction=viewrecord&id=L71172697&from=export.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(13)76793-2"},{"key":"8658_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00015-8","volume":"44","author":"M Sierra","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sierra M, Berrios GE. Depersonalization: neurobiological perspectives. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:898\u2013908.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00119-6","volume":"108","author":"ML Phillips","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phillips ML, Medford N, Senior C, Bullmore ET, Suckling J, Brammer MJ, et al. Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2001;108:145\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"8658_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.05.007","volume":"148","author":"N Medford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Medford N, Brierley B, Brammer M, Bullmore ET, David AS, Phillips ML. Emotional memory in depersonalization disorder: a functional MRI study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2006;148:93\u2013102.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"8658_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.11.1782","volume":"157","author":"D Simeon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Simeon D, Guralnik O, Hazlett EA, Spiegel-Cohen J, Hollander E, Buchsbaum MS. Feeling unreal: a pet study of depersonalization disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1782\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e328057deb3","volume":"18","author":"E Lemche","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lemche E, Surguladze SA, Giampietro VP, Anilkumar A, Brammer MJ, Sierra M, et al. Limbic and prefrontal responses to facial emotion expressions in depersonalization. NeuroReport. 2007;18:473\u20137.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"8658_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","volume":"8","author":"E Frangos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frangos E, Ellrich J, Komisaruk BR. Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans. Brain Stimulat. 2015;8:624\u201336.","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"8658_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.06.019","volume":"56","author":"A Grimonprez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grimonprez A, Raedt R, Baeken C, Boon P, Vonck K. The antidepressant mechanism of action of vagus nerve stimulation: evidence from preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;56:26\u201334.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"8658_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.07.060","volume":"27","author":"M Corazzol","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corazzol M, Lio G, Lefevre A, Deiana G, Tell L, Andr\u00e9-Obadia N, et al. Restoring consciousness with vagus nerve stimulation. Curr Biol. 2017;27:R994\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"8658_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7586","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7586","volume":"346","author":"AW Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Altman DG, Mann H, Berlin JA, et al. SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346:e7586.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8658_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002031","volume":"70","author":"KH G\u00fclkesen","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00fclkesen KH, Bora F, Ilhanli N, Avsar E, Zayim N. Cohen\u2019s d and physicians\u2019 opinion on effect size: a questionnaire on anemia treatment. J Investig Med. 2022;70:814\u20139.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"8658_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00100-1","volume":"93","author":"M Sierra","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sierra M, Berrios GE. The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalization. Psychiatry Res. 2000;93:153\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"8658_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","volume":"32","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"8658_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x","volume":"6","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1967","unstructured":"Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6:278\u201396.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"8658_CR38","first-page":"551","volume":"6","author":"X Jia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jia X, Liu E, Wang Z. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale. J Neurosci Ment Health. 2010;6:551\u20133 ((In Chinese)).","journal-title":"J Neurosci Ment Health"},{"key":"8658_CR39","unstructured":"Tang Y, Zhang M. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 1984;61\u201364. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"8658_CR40","unstructured":"Tang Y, Zhang M. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 1984;64\u201365.(In Chinese)."},{"key":"8658_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07010042","volume":"165","author":"KH Nuechterlein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, Baade LE, Barch DM, Cohen JD, et al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:203\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8658_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.09.003","volume":"169","author":"C Shi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shi C, Kang L, Yao S, Ma Y, Li T, Liang Y, et al. The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB): co-norming and standardization in China. Schizophr Res. 2015;169:109.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"8658_CR43","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; revised (DSM-III-R). Washington DG. 1987. Available from: https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1570291224859902464.\u00a0Cited 2024 Nov 16."},{"key":"8658_CR44","first-page":"321","volume":"29","author":"J Endicott","year":"1993","unstructured":"Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W, Blumenthal R. Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire: a new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1993;29:321\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"8658_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL group. Psychol Med. 1998;28:551\u20138.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"8658_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-37","volume":"12","author":"P Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia P, Li N, Hau K-T, Liu C, Lu Y. Quality of life of Chinese urban community residents: a psychometric study of the Mainland Chinese version of the WHOQOL-BREF. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12:37.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"8658_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0528-0","volume":"23","author":"YT Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee YT, Liu SI, Huang HC, Sun FJ, Huang CR, Yeung A. Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Short Form of Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q-SF). Qual Life Res. 2014;23:907\u201316.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T10:50:54Z","timestamp":1733395854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-024-08658-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethics committee of the Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, approved the study design (approval number: 2023292FS-2). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before randomization. The trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) website (). The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. Written, informed consent to participate will be obtained from all participants\u201d.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}"}},{"value":"Not applicable. No identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants are presented here or will be presented in reports of the trial results. The participant information materials and informed consent form are available from the corresponding author on request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"812"}}