{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:41:02Z","timestamp":1793320862942,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stimit AG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T05:27:39Z","timestamp":1749619659000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multi-center randomized superiority clinical trial in the early phase of mechanically ventilated patients to preserve diaphragm thickness using non-invasive magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: STIMIT ACTIVATOR 1 pivotal trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Annia F.","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"Subir\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sklar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Panelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Schaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Rowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias N.","family":"Baedorf Kassis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Talmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewan C.","family":"Goligher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Slutsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent J.","family":"Brochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201602-0367OC","volume":"195","author":"M Dres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dres M, Dube BP, Mayaux J, Delemazure J, Reuter D, Brochard L, et al. Coexistence and impact of limb muscle and diaphragm weakness at time of liberation from mechanical ventilation in medical intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(1):57\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"8838_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201004-0670OC","volume":"183","author":"S Jaber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, et al. Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(3):364.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8838_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1668OC","volume":"188","author":"A Demoule","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demoule A, Jung B, Prodanovic H, Molinari N, Chanques G, Coirault C, et al. Diaphragm dysfunction on admission to the intensive care unit: Prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic impact - A prospective study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(2):213\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002605","volume":"130","author":"T Schepens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schepens T, Goligher EC. Lung- and diaphragm-protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome: rationale and challenges. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:620.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"8838_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0618-4","volume":"10","author":"C Saccheri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saccheri C, Morawiec E, Delemazure J, Mayaux J, Dub\u00e9 BP, Similowski T, et al. ICU-acquired weakness, diaphragm dysfunction and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:1.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"13","key":"8838_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070447","volume":"358","author":"S Levine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, et al. Rapid Disuse Atrophy of Diaphragm Fibers in Mechanically Ventilated Humans. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;358(13):1327-35.","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"key":"8838_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1992-2","volume":"22","author":"M Dres","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dres M, Demoule A. Diaphragm dysfunction during weaning from mechanical ventilation: an underestimated phenomenon with clinical implications. Crit Care. 2018;22:1.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"8838_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1159\/000510085","volume":"99","author":"B Sch\u00f6nhofer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Fuchs H, Moerer O, Weber-Carstens S, et al. Prolonged weaning: S2k guideline published by the German respiratory society. Respiration. 2021;99:982\u20131084.","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"5","key":"8838_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2179-3","volume":"37","author":"J Sellares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sellares J, Ferrer M, Cano E, Loureiro H, Valencia M, Torres A. Predictors of prolonged weaning and survival during ventilator weaning in a respiratory ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):775\u201384.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pham T, Heunks L, Bellani G, Madotto F, Aragao I, Beduneau G, et al. Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00449-0.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00449-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-018-0094-3","volume":"10","author":"E Tenza-Lozano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tenza-Lozano E, Llamas-Alvarez A, Jaimez-Navarro E, Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez J. Lung and diaphragm ultrasound as predictors of success in weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13089-018-0094-3.","journal-title":"Crit Ultrasound J"},{"issue":"3","key":"8838_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0227LE","volume":"198","author":"JJ Rouby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rouby JJ, Arbelot C, Gao Y, Zhang M, Lv J, An Y, et al. Training for lung ultrasound score measurement in critically Ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(3):398\u2013401.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR13","unstructured":"Morsy E, RM I, A SMM. Serial ultrasonographic evaluation of diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation in ICU patients. Biolife. 2015;3(4):922-36."},{"issue":"9","key":"8838_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0620OC","volume":"192","author":"EC Goligher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goligher EC, Fan E, Herridge MS, Murray A, Vorona S, Brace D, et al. Evolution of diaphragm thickness during mechanical ventilation. Impact of inspiratory effort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(9):1080\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8838_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0536OC","volume":"197","author":"EC Goligher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goligher EC, Dres M, Fan E, Rubenfeld GD, Scales DC, Herridge MS, et al. Mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragm atrophy strongly impacts clinical outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(2):204\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.07.004","volume":"101","author":"S Worraphan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Worraphan S, Thammata A, Chittawatanarat K, Saokaew S, Kengkla K, Prasannarong M. Effects of inspiratory muscle training and early mobilization on weaning of mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101:2002.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"8838_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514567156","volume":"29","author":"J Sommers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sommers J, Engelbert RHH, Dettling-Ihnenfeldt D, Gosselink R, Spronk PE, Nollet F, et al. Physiotherapy in the intensive care unit: an evidence-based, expert driven, practical statement and rehabilitation recommendations. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(11):1051\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"8838_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05767-y","volume":"45","author":"L Roesthuis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roesthuis L, van der Hoeven H, Sinderby C, Frenzel T, Ottenheijm C, Brochard L, et al. Effects of levosimendan on respiratory muscle function in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(10):45.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2016.01.007","volume":"33","author":"WY Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim WY, Park SH, Kim WY, Huh JW, Hong SB, Koh Y, et al. Effect of theophylline on ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. J Crit Care. 2016;33:145\u201350.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"8838_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201712-961OC","volume":"15","author":"S Vorona","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vorona S, Sabatini U, Al-Maqbali S, Bertoni M, Dres M, Bissett B, et al. Inspiratory muscle rehabilitation in critically ill adults a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(6):735\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"8838_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4928-4","volume":"43","author":"M Dres","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dres M, Goligher EC, Heunks LMA, Brochard LJ. Critical illness-associated diaphragm weakness. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1441.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"8838_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.0520","volume":"154","author":"AEM Eltorai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eltorai AEM, Baird GL, Eltorai AS, Healey TT, Agarwal S, Ventetuolo CE, et al. Effect of an Incentive Spirometer Patient Reminder after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(7):579\u201388.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"8838_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/83.2.171","volume":"83","author":"SS Sprague","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sprague SS, Hopkins PD. Use of inspiratory strength training to wean six patients who were ventilator-dependent. Phys Ther. 2003;83(2):171.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"8838_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott CJ, Bradburn MJ, Maguire C, Cooper CL, Baird WO, Baxter SK, et al. DiPALS: Diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis \u2013 A randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2016;20(45).","DOI":"10.3310\/hta20450"},{"issue":"6","key":"8838_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00543.2020","volume":"130","author":"E Keough-Delgado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keough-Delgado E, Lopez-Rodr\u00edguez L, de Olaiz B, Bertomeu-Garc\u00eda A, Pe\u00f1uelas \u00d3, Jimenez-Fern\u00e1ndez M, et al. Case Studies in physiology: physiological and clinical effects of temporary diaphragm pacing in two patients with ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction. J Appl Physiol. 2021;130(6):1736\u201342.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8838_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1709OC","volume":"205","author":"M Dres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dres M, de Abreu MG, Merdji H, M\u00fcller-Redetzky H, Dellweg D, Randerath WJ, et al. Randomized clinical study of temporary transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation in difficult-to-wean patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(10):1169\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202107-1709OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03352-0","volume":"24","author":"AH Jonkman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jonkman AH, Frenzel T, McCaughey EJ, McLachlan AJ, Boswell-Ruys CL, Collins DW, et al. Breath-synchronized electrical stimulation of the expiratory muscles in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized controlled feasibility study and pooled analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):628.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02330.x","volume":"57","author":"RJ Sawyer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sawyer RJ, Turnbull D, Richmond MN, Hamnegard CH, Mills GH. Assessment of diaphragm function after stellate ganglion block using magnetic stimulation. Anaesthesia. 2002;57(1):70\u20137.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1247-z","volume":"20","author":"GS Supinski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Supinski GS, Westgate P, Callahan LA. Correlation of maximal inspiratory pressure to transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"issue":"6","key":"8838_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/79.6.726","volume":"79","author":"GH Mills","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mills GH, Khan ZP, Moxham J, Desai J, Forsyth A, Ponte J. Effects of temperature on phrenic nerve and diaphragmatic function during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1997;79(6):726\u201332.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"issue":"4","key":"8838_CR31","first-page":"85","volume":"17","author":"M Grey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grey M, Pemberton P, Whitehouse T, Snelson C, Thickett D. Magnetic stimulation ventilates apnoeic patients under general anaesthetic. J Intensive Care Soc. 2016;17(4):85\u20136.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"8838_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10568","volume":"68","author":"G Mueller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mueller G, Aszalos E, Krause S, Niederhauser T, Slavei K, Baumberger ME. Safety and feasibility of noninvasive electromagnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Respir Care. 2023;68(5):602.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"8838_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.14244","volume":"46","author":"C Keogh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keogh C, Saavedra F, Dubo S, Aqueveque P, Ortega P, Gomez B, et al. Non-invasive phrenic nerve stimulation to avoid ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction in critical care. Artif Organs. 2022;46(10):1988\u201397.","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-023-00506-6","volume":"11","author":"HG Bartels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Panelli A, Bartels HG, Krause S, Verfu\u00df MA, Grimm AM, Carbon NM, et al. First non-invasive magnetic phrenic nerve and diaphragm stimulation in anaesthetized patients: a proof-of-concept study. Intensive Care Med Exp. 2023;11(1):20.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"issue":"1","key":"8838_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-023-00506-6","volume":"11","author":"HG Bartels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bartels HG, Krause S, Verfu\u00df MA, Grimm AM, Carbon NM, Panelli A, et al. First non-invasive magnetic phrenic nerve and diaphragm stimulation in anaesthetized patients: a proof-of-concept study. Intens Care Med Experiment. 2023;11(1):20.","journal-title":"Intens Care Med Experiment"},{"key":"8838_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","volume":"158","author":"AW Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Krle\u017ea-Jeri\u0107 K, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Int Med. 2013;158:200\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"8838_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. In: Chest. 1992.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"key":"8838_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour C, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2016;315:801.","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"8838_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1141-0","volume":"19","author":"T Schepens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schepens T, Verbrugghe W, Dams K, Corthouts B, Parizel PM, Jorens PG. The course of diaphragm atrophy in ventilated patients assessed with ultrasound: a longitudinal cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19:1.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"8838_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.05.008","volume":"48","author":"ME Haaksma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haaksma ME, van Tienhoven AJ, Smit JM, Heldeweg MLA, Lissenberg-Witte BI, Wennen M, et al. Anatomical variation in diaphragm thickness assessed with ultrasound in healthy volunteers. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2022;48(9):1833\u20139.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8838_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2547-7","volume":"38","author":"E Vivier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vivier E, Dessap AM, Dimassi S, Vargas F, Lyazidi A, Thille AW, et al. Diaphragm ultrasonography to estimate the work of breathing during non-invasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38(5):796.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"28","key":"8838_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4102","volume":"30","author":"CR Mehta","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mehta CR, Pocock SJ. Adaptive increase in sample size when interim results are promising: A practical guide with examples. Stat Med. 2011;30(28):3267\u201384.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"8838_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1688","volume":"23","author":"YHJ Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen YHJ, DeMets DL, Lan KKG. Increasing the sample size when the unblinded interim result is promising. Statistics Med. 2004;23:1023\u201338.","journal-title":"Statistics Med"},{"key":"8838_CR44","unstructured":"L. Felipe Damiani MLASVHASCBECGDRASSMPLBrochard. Transcutaneous Phrenic Nerve Stimulation to Prevent Diaphragm Dysfunction Under Mechanical Ventilation (STIMIT): Randomized Controlled experimental Study. In: Critical Care Canada Forum Toronto. 2022."},{"key":"8838_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panelli A, Grimm AM, Krause S, Verfu\u00df MA, Ulm B, Grunow JJ, et al. Non-invasive electromagnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in critically ill patients \u2013 a feasibility study. Chest. 2024; Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001236922400271X.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.02.035"},{"issue":"4","key":"8838_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05892-8","volume":"46","author":"PR Tuinman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuinman PR, Jonkman AH, Dres M, Shi ZH, Goligher EC, Goffi A, et al. Respiratory muscle ultrasonography: methodology, basic and advanced principles and clinical applications in ICU and ED patients-a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):594\u2013605.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"8838_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0410-4","volume":"7","author":"N Nakanishi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nakanishi N, Oto J, Ueno Y, Nakataki E, Itagaki T, Nishimura M. Change in diaphragm and intercostal muscle thickness in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational ultrasonography study. J Intensive Care. 2019;7:1.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T11:29:08Z","timestamp":1750937348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08838-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol was already presented to the REB and approved in all sites with references. Copy of the original ethical approval documents is provided as an additional file (Additional file 2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}"}},{"value":"A model consent document was distributed to local investigators at each center and is provided as an additional file (Additional file 3).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"AP reports non-financial support from STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland) for travel. AP holds stocks in small amounts from BioNTech SE, Taiwan Semiconductor, Sony, Pfizer, Arcutis Biotherapeutics Inc, Sangamo Therapeutics, NIO, Ke Holdings; these holdings have not affected any decisions regarding this trial. SJS received grants from STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland) to support this trial. SJS reports grants and non-financial support from Reactive Robotics GmbH (Munich, Germany), ASP GmbH (Attendorn, Germany), STIMIT AG (Biel, Switzerland), ESICM (Geneva, Switzerland), grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH (Bad Homburg, Germany), grants from the Innovations fond of The Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), personal fees from Springer Verlag GmbH (Vienna, Austria) for educational purposes and Advanz Pharma GmbH (Bielefeld, Germany), non-financial support from national and international societies (and their congress organizers) in the field of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, outside the submitted work. SJS holds stocks in small amounts from Alphabet Inc., Bayer AG, and Siemens AG; these holdings have not affected any decisions regarding his research or this trial.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"202"}}