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However, concerns are raised that the use of generative AI may erode human cognition due to over-reliance. Conversely, others argue that generative AI holds the promise to augment human cognition by automating menial tasks and offering insights that extend one\u2019s cognitive abilities. To better understand the role of generative AI in human cognition, we study how college students use a generative AI tool to support their analytical writing in an educational context. We will examine the effect of using generative AI on cognitive effort, a major aspect of human cognition that reflects the extent of mental resources an individual allocates during the cognitive process. We will also examine the effect on writing performance achieved through the human-generative AI collaboration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a randomized controlled lab experiment that compares the effects of using generative AI (intervention group) versus not using it (control group) on cognitive effort and writing performance in an analytical writing task designed as a hypothetical writing class assignment for college students. During the experiment, eye-tracking technology will monitor eye movements and pupil dilation. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will collect brain hemodynamic responses. A survey will measure individuals\u2019 perceptions of the writing task and their attitudes on generative AI. We will recruit 160 participants (aged 18\u201335\u00a0years) from a German university where the research will be conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This trial aims to establish the causal effects of generative AI on cognitive effort and task performance through a randomized controlled experiment. The findings aim to offer insights for policymakers in regulating generative AI and inform the responsible design and use of generative AI tools.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial registration.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06511102. Registered on July 15, 2024.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06511102\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06511102<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T11:02:04Z","timestamp":1752231724000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effects of generative artificial intelligence on cognitive effort and task performance: study protocol for a randomized controlled experiment among college students"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"W\u00fcstenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene F.","family":"Kizilcec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Geldsetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"8950_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh2586","volume":"381","author":"S Noy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noy S, Zhang W. 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Available from: https:\/\/mro.massey.ac.nz\/handle\/10179\/4355."}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:02:42Z","timestamp":1764597762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-025-08950-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5557709\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2025","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Funding section has been updated.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained by the Ethics Committee at Heidelberg Medical Faculty in Germany (#ID: S-117\/2024). Participants must preview an information sheet and sign a consent form before they can begin the experiment. The information sheet explains the study\u2019s aim, procedures, potential risks and benefits, compensation, and contact information for the study investigators. The experimenter will answer any questions that the participant may have before asking for consent. If the participant meets the inclusion criteria and agrees to participate, they will be asked to sign the consent form, which the experimenter will counter sign. The participant will receive the information sheet and a copy of the consent form. The other copy of the consent form is retained by the research team. All participants will be verbally informed that they can withdraw from the study at any time without giving any reason and without having any negative consequences to their academic studies. Protocol amendments will be promptly submitted to the ethics committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate\u00a0{24}"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication\u00a0{32}"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests\u00a0{28}"}},{"value":"This trial is currently recruiting participants. Recruitment for the trial and all data collection will be completed by the end of Feb 2025.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Trial status"}}],"article-number":"244"}}