{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:15:05Z","timestamp":1791292505910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007059","name":"Northwestern University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007059","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006293","name":"American Society of Clinical Oncology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006293","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:20:43Z","timestamp":1769595643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating the impact of financial navigation on financial catastrophe and distress for cancer care: a randomized control trial\u2014COST-FIN"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Amir H.","family":"Sohail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwasegun","family":"Afolaranmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Funmilola Olanike","family":"Wuraola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adewale","family":"Oyewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas O.","family":"Ebekue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Oyindamola","family":"Adegbite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Awe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titilope","family":"Ogunniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinlusi","family":"Opeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinyere","family":"Nwankwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Uwechue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara N.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Adedayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Nicole","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah","family":"Abdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufemi","family":"Akin-Adigun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adewunmi","family":"Akingbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Dare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toluwanimi","family":"Aduloju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moyinoluwa","family":"Akinwumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciaran Navin","family":"Kohli-Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruohui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwumere","family":"Nwogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Hirschhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Adin-Cristian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinenye","family":"Iwuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oge","family":"Ilegbune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutiu","family":"Jimoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindiya","family":"Chugani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olise","family":"Oputa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Seddoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusegun Isaac","family":"Alatise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet S.","family":"Lumati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR1","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"9480_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240001299. Accessed 20\u00a0Sep  2024."},{"key":"9480_CR3","unstructured":"IARC (2021). Nigeria fact sheet. Available at. https:\/\/gco.iarc.who.int\/media\/globocan\/factsheets\/populations\/566-nigeria-fact-sheet.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR4","unstructured":"Atoyebi SB, Awodutire PO, Igbalajobi MM, Anifowose OO. Survival Times of Breast Cancer Patients in Nigeria. Asian J Immunol. 2023;6(1):209-23"},{"issue":"12","key":"9480_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33484","volume":"148","author":"O Olasehinde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olasehinde O, Alatise O, Omisore A, et al. Contemporary management of breast cancer in Nigeria: insights from an institutional database. Int J Cancer. 2021;148(12):2906\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"9480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2021.1192","volume":"15","author":"M Ali-Gombe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali-Gombe M, Mustapha MI, Folasire A, Ntekim A, Campbell OB. Pattern of survival of breast cancer patients in a tertiary hospital in South West Nigeria. Ecancermedicalscience. 2021;15:1192.","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"9480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33715","volume":"149","author":"C Gullickson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gullickson C, Goodman M, Joko-Fru YW, et al. Colorectal cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis and human development index: a population-based registry study. Int J Cancer. 2021;149(8):1553\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2014.03.036","volume":"156","author":"S Saluja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saluja S, Alatise OI, Adewale A, et al. A comparison of colorectal cancer in Nigerian and North American patients: is the cancer biology different? Surgery. 2014;156(2):305\u201310.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"9480_CR9","first-page":"1001","volume":"32","author":"TP Seraphin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seraphin TP, Joko-Fru WY, Manraj SS, et al. Prostate cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa by age, stage at diagnosis, and human development index: a population-based registry study. Cancer Causes Control. 2021;32(9):1001\u201319.","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR10","first-page":"58","volume":"2","author":"O Ekeke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ekeke O, Amusan O, Eke N. Management of prostate cancer in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: changing patterns. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2012;2(3):58\u201377.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"9480_CR11","unstructured":"Breast cancer inequities.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/global-breast-cancerinitiative\/breast-cancer-inequities. Accessed May 16, 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320625","volume":"70","author":"M Araghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Araghi M, Arnold M, Rutherford MJ, et al. Colon and rectal cancer survival in seven high-income countries 2010-2014: variation by age and stage at diagnosis (the ICBP SURVMARK-2 project). Gut. 2021;70(1):114\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320625.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"10125","key":"9480_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33326-3","volume":"391","author":"C Allemani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival: analysis of individual records for 37,513,025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers during 2000\u20132014 from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries (CONCORD-3). Lancet Lond Engl. 2018;391(10125):1023\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"38","key":"9480_CR14","first-page":"198","volume":"22","author":"JS Okoroh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okoroh JS, Riviello R. Challenges in healthcare financing for surgery in sub-Saharan Africa. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;22(38):198.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"9480_CR15","unstructured":"Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Lond Engl. 2020;396(10258):1250\u20131284."},{"key":"9480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpo.2022.100335","volume":"32","author":"K Ndoh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ndoh K, Ahmed A, Yates R, et al. Cancer control funding in Nigeria: a case for universal health coverage. J Cancer Policy. 2022;32:100335.","journal-title":"J Cancer Policy"},{"key":"9480_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma A, Alatise OI, O\u2019Connell K, et al. Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(7):e040352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040352. PMID: 34312189; PMCID: PMC8314695.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040352"},{"issue":"4","key":"9480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_4_22","volume":"10","author":"MI Mustapha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustapha MI, Ali-Gombe M, Abdullahi A, Adenipekun A, Campbell OB. Financial burden of cancer on patients treated at a tertiary health facility in Southwest Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2020;10(4):23.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"9480_CR19","unstructured":"International Cancer Control Partnership: National Cancer Control Plan: 2018\u20132022, Federal Ministry of Health. Available at: https:\/\/www.iccpportal.org\/system\/files\/plans\/NCCP_Final%20%5B1%5. Accessed 2 Aug 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR20","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2023). Poverty and equity brief - Nigeria. Available at: https:\/\/databankfiles.worldbank.org\/public\/ddpext_download\/poverty\/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA\/current\/Global_POVEQ_NGA.pdf. Accessed 16 May 2024."},{"issue":"4","key":"9480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_4_22","volume":"10","author":"MI Mustapha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustapha MI, Ali-Gombe M, Abdullahi A, Adenipekun A, Campbell OB. Financial burden of cancer on patients treated at a tertiary health facility in Southwest Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2020;10(4):23\u20139.","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25768","volume":"121","author":"A Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma A, Alatise OI, Adisa AO, et al. Treatment of colorectal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: results from a prospective Nigerian hospital registry. J Surg Oncol. 2020;121(2):342\u20139.","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"242","key":"9480_CR23","volume":"1","author":"FI Uwechue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uwechue FI, Caputo M, Zaza NN, Aduloju T, Abahuje E, Adegbite Z, et al. Catastrophic health expenditures for colorectal cancer care: a retrospective analysis of the first private comprehensive cancer center in Lagos, Nigeria. The American Journal of Surgery. 2025;1(242):116140.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"239","key":"9480_CR24","volume":"1","author":"NN Zaza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zaza NN, Caputo M, Uwechue FI, Okeke S, Aduloju T, Adegbite Z, et al. Risk of financial catastrophe for breast cancer patients in Nigeria: a retrospective analysis. The American Journal of Surgery. 2025;1(239):116053.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10133-5","volume":"21","author":"GO Alawode","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alawode GO, Adewole DA. Assessment of the design and implementation challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Nigeria: a qualitative study among sub-national level actors, healthcare and insurance providers. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):124.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9480_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nnabugwu II, Nwankwor C, Ugwumba F. Gaining access to major elective surgeries in a public tertiary health institution in southeast Nigeria: evaluating household payment coping strategies. Ann Afr Surg. 2019;16(2):69\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/aas.v16i2.6.","DOI":"10.4314\/aas.v16i2.6"},{"key":"9480_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.41.272.24610","volume":"41","author":"GC Knapp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knapp GC, Wuraola FO, Olasehinde O, Romanoff A, Kingham PT, Alatise OI. The out-of-pocket cost of breast cancer care at a public tertiary care hospital in Nigeria: an exploratory analysis. Pan Afr Med J. 2022;41:272.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"9480_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2024.116140","volume":"242","author":"FI Uwechue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Uwechue FI, Caputo M, Zaza NN, Aduloju T, Abahuje E, Adegbite Z, et al. Catastrophic health expenditures for colorectal cancer care: a retrospective analysis of the first private comprehensive cancer center in Lagos, Nigeria. Am J Surg. 2025;242:116140.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"9480_CR29","volume":"239","author":"NN Zaza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zaza NN, Caputo M, Uwechue FI, Okeke S, Aduloju T, Adegbite Z, et al. Risk of financial catastrophe for breast cancer patients in Nigeria: a retrospective analysis. Am J Surg. 2025;239:116053.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR30","first-page":"591","volume":"8","author":"A Olayide","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olayide A, Isiaka A, Ganiyu R, et al. Breast cancer treatment and outcomes in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Care. 2023;8(3):591\u20138.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2020.1229","volume":"11","author":"A Fapohunda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fapohunda A, Fakolade A, Omiye J, et al. Cancer presentation patterns in Lagos, Nigeria: experience from a private cancer center. J Public Health Afr. 2020;11(2):1138.","journal-title":"J Public Health Afr"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0433-1","volume":"13","author":"The ACTION Study Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"The ACTION Study Group. Catastrophic health expenditure and 12-month mortality associated with cancer in Southeast Asia: results from a longitudinal study in eight countries. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):190.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9480_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30392-2","volume":"21","author":"A Sud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sud A, Torr B, Jones ME, Broggio J, Scott S, Loveday C, et al. Effect of delays in the 2-week-wait cancer referral pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer survival in the UK: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(8):1035\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"371","key":"9480_CR34","volume":"4","author":"TP Hanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanna TP, King WD, Thibodeau S, Jalink M, Paulin GA, Harvey-Jones E, et al. Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;4(371):m4087.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"9480_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00223-5","volume":"16","author":"R Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sullivan R, Alatise OI, Anderson BO, et al. Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(11):1193\u2013224.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25768","volume":"121","author":"A Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma A, Alatise OI, Adisa AO, et al. Treatment of colorectal cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: results from a prospective Nigerian hospital registry. J Surg Oncol. 2020;121(2):342\u20139.","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9480_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011390","volume":"6","author":"F McKenzie","year":"2016","unstructured":"McKenzie F, Zietsman A, Galukande M, et al. African breast cancer\u2014disparities in outcomes (ABCDO): protocol of a multicountry mobile health prospective study of breast cancer survival in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ Open. 2016;6(8):e011390.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.024927","volume":"14","author":"V Shankaran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shankaran V, Leahy T, Steelquist J, et al. Pilot feasibility study of an oncology financial navigation program. J Oncol Pract. 2018;14(2):e122\u20139.","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"9480_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.7581","volume":"18","author":"K Watabayashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watabayashi K, Steelquist J, Overstreet KA, et al. A pilot study of a comprehensive financial navigation program in patients with cancer and caregivers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18:1366\u201373.","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"9480_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banegas MP, Nightingale CL, Dressler EV, Cooley ME, Kamen C, Wagner LI, et al Landscape Committee. Screening and Referral for Health-Related Social Needs and Financial Distress: Current Processes Among National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program Practices. JCO Oncol Pract. 2025(10):1512-1521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/OP-24-00902. Epub 2025 Mar 13. PMID: 40080774; PMCID: PMC12347083.","DOI":"10.1200\/OP-24-00902"},{"key":"9480_CR41","unstructured":"Yezefski T, Steelquist J, Watabayashi K, et al. Impact of trained oncology financial navigators on patient out-of-pocket spending.\u00a0Am J Manag Care. 2018;24(suppl 5):S74-S79."},{"key":"9480_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/18-084","volume":"23","author":"MP Banegas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banegas MP, Dickerson JF, Friedman NL, Mosen D, Ender AX, Chang TR, et al. Evaluation of a novel financial navigator pilot to address patient concerns about medical care costs. Perm J. 2019;23:18-084.","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06344-3","volume":"23","author":"NB Henrikson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henrikson NB, Anderson ML, Dickerson J, Ewing JJ, Garcia R, Keast E, et al. The Cancer Financial Experience (CAF\u00c9) study: randomized controlled trial of a financial navigation intervention to address cancer-related financial hardship. Trials. 2022;23(1):402.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"9480_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler SB, Biddell CB, Manning ML, Gellin MS, Padilla NR, Spees LP, Rogers CD, Rodriguez-O\u2019Donnell J, Samuel-Ryals C, Birken SA, Reeder-Hayes KE, Petermann VM, Deal AM, Rosenstein DL. Lessening the Impact of Financial Toxicity (LIFT): a protocol for a multi-site, single-arm trial examining the effect of financial navigation on financial toxicity in adult patients with cancer in rural and non-rural settings. Trials. 2022;23(1):839.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06745-4"},{"key":"9480_CR45","unstructured":"Cost Communication and Financial Navigation in Cancer Patients, COSTCOM Trial. Available at: EAQ222CD \/ COSTCOM Home Page - ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group. Accessed 6 Aug 2025."},{"key":"9480_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edward J, Northrip KD, Rayens MK, Welker A, O\u2019Farrell R, Knuf J, Fariduddin H, Costich J, D\u2019Orazio J. Financial-legal navigation reduces financial toxicity of pediatric, adolescent, and young adult cancers. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2024;8(3):pkae025.","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkae025"},{"issue":"5","key":"9480_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e696","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.22.00665","volume":"19","author":"JS Edward","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edward JS, McLouth LE, Rayens MK, Eisele LP, Davis TS, Hildebrandt G. Coverage and cost-of-care links: addressing financial toxicity among patients with hematologic cancer and their caregivers. JCO Oncol Pract. 2023;19(5):e696-705.","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"9480_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.23.00680","volume":"20","author":"ER Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park ER, Kirchhoff AC, Donelan K, Perez GK, McDonald A, Bliss CC, et al. Health insurance navigation tools intervention: a pilot trial within the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. JCO Oncol Pract. 2024;20(7):953\u201363.","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"9480_CR49","unstructured":"SDG 3.8.2 Catastrophic health spending (and related indicators).\u00a0 https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/financial-protection. Accessed\u00a0 2\u00a0Aug 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR50","unstructured":"FACIT-COST Available at: www.facit.org\/measures\/facit-cost. Accessed Sep 16 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377-381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"9480_CR52","unstructured":"African Research Group for Oncology. Available at: https:\/\/www.argo-research.org\/. Accessed 16 Sep 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR53","unstructured":"TailorMed Financial Navigation Platform. TailorMed. Available at: https:\/\/tailormed.co\/platform\/. Accessed 2 Aug 2024."},{"key":"9480_CR54","unstructured":"NaVectis (Home). NaVectis. Available at: https:\/\/navectis.com\/. Accessed Aug 2, 2024."},{"issue":"7","key":"9480_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2023.24.7.2313","volume":"24","author":"T Nwankwo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nwankwo T, Ogunyemi AO, Maduafokwa BA, et al. Psychosocial support and cost burden of cancer among patients attending tertiary oncology clinics in Lagos State, Nigeria. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2023;24(7):2313\u20139.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR56","volume":"27","author":"EO Akin-Odanye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akin-Odanye EO, Ogo CN, Sulaiman FA, Suleiman L, Ogunsanya ME, Odedina FT. Examining the influence of illness perception and financial toxicity on the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Afr J Urol. 2021;27(1):72.","journal-title":"Afr J Urol"},{"key":"9480_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103797","volume":"62","author":"G Sadigh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadigh G, Coleman D, Lava N, et al. Patient-specific out-of-pocket cost communication and remote financial navigation in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled feasibility study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;62:103797.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"9480_CR58","first-page":"8173","volume":"30","author":"G Sadigh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadigh G, Coleman D, Switchenko JM, Hopkins JO, Carlos RC. Treatment out-of-pocket cost communication and remote financial navigation in patients with cancer: a feasibility study. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(10):8173\u201382.","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"9480_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler S, Rodriguez-O\u2019Donnell J, Rogers C, et al. Reducing cancer-related financial toxicity through financial navigation: results from a pilot intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2020;29(3):694.","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0067"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00384","volume":"4","author":"NM Chakraborty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakraborty NM, Fry K, Behl R, Longfield K. Simplified asset indices to measure wealth and equity in health programs: a reliability and validity analysis using survey data from 16 countries. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2016;4(1):141\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9745\/GHSP-D-15-00384.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"9480_CR61","unstructured":"Klapper L, Lusardi A, van Oudheusde P. Financial literacy around the world: insights from the Standard and Poor\u2019s Ratings Services Global Financial Literacy Survey. Available at: https:\/\/gflec.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Finlit_paper_16_F2_singles.pdf. Accessed 18\u00a0Aug 2025."},{"key":"9480_CR62","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Turner-Bowker DM, Sundaram M, Gandek B, Maruish ME. User\u2019s manual for the SF-12v2 Health Survey. 2nd ed. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated; 2009."},{"key":"9480_CR63","unstructured":"EuroQoL. EQ-5D-5L. Available at: https:\/\/euroqol.org\/information-and-support\/euroqol-instruments\/eq-5d-5l. Accessed 18\u00a0Aug  2025."},{"key":"9480_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3146","volume":"126","author":"ER Hager","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hager ER, Quigg AM, Black MM, Coleman SM, Heeren T, Rose-Jacobs R, et al. Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e26\u201332.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30369","volume":"123","author":"JA de Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Souza JA, Yap BJ, Wroblewski K, et al. Measuring financial toxicity as a clinically relevant patient-reported outcome: the validation of the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST). Cancer. 2017;123(3):476\u201384.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"25","key":"9480_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.722927","volume":"9","author":"HC Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner HC, Archer RA, Downey LE, Isaranuwatchai W, Chalkidou K, Jit M, et al. An introduction to the main types of economic evaluations used for informing priority setting and resource allocation in healthcare: key features, uses, and limitations. Front Public Health. 2021;9(25):722927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.722927.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"9480_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013659","volume":"10","author":"TS Choudhary","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choudhary TS, Mazumder S, Taneja S, Chowdhury R, Upadhyay RP, Sharma S, et al. Benefit-cost analysis of an integrated package of interventions during preconception, pregnancy and early childhood in India. BMJ Glob Health. 2025;10(12):e013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013659.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR68","volume":"3","author":"W Shih","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shih W. Problems in dealing with missing data and informative censoring in clinical trials. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2002;3(1):4.","journal-title":"Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9480_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400903242795","volume":"19","author":"CM DeSouza","year":"2009","unstructured":"DeSouza CM, Legedza ATR, Sankoh AJ. An overview of practical approaches for handling missing data in clinical trials. J Biopharm Stat. 2009;19(6):1055\u201373.","journal-title":"J Biopharm Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9574.00222","volume":"57","author":"GM Fitzmaurice","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fitzmaurice GM. Methods for handling dropouts in longitudinal clinical trials. Statistica Neerl. 2003;57(1):75\u201399.","journal-title":"Statistica Neerl"},{"key":"9480_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477","volume":"389","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chan A-W, Boutron I, Hopewell S, Moher D, Schulz KF, et al. SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials. BMJ. 2025;389:e081477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:03:50Z","timestamp":1771596230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09480-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7686399\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study team received approval for this trial from the IRBs at Northwestern University, University of Lagos, and Obafemi Awolowo Teaching Hospital Complex.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}"}},{"value":"Consent forms are available on request from the study principal investigators.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication {32}"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests {28}"}}],"article-number":"167"}}