{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T03:20:12Z","timestamp":1787714412924,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1781699139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of adapted physical activity and therapeutic exercise programme in improving chronic fatigue syndrome in long COVID, delivered via hospital-based rehabilitation versus telerehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Feroz","family":"Kabir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Nyein","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Saffree","family":"Jeffree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Binti","family":"Ahmedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharmila","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahamadullah Hil","family":"Galeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tofajjal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Anwar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"9769_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi Consensus, 6 October 2021. 1970. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/345824"},{"issue":"9","key":"9769_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or Long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(9):1593\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"9769_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006838","author":"MA Hossain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hossain MA, Hossain KM, Saunders K, et al. Prevalence of long COVID symptoms in Bangladesh: a prospective inception cohort study of COVID-19 survivors. BMJ Glob Health. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006838.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"9769_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chakrovorty SK, Hossain KM, Hossain MA, Ahammad S, Kabir M, Shafin R, Sivan M, Mamun M, Al Mamun F, Jahid IK. Predictors of and Factors Associated with Novel Post COVID Symptoms in the Musculoskeletal, Functional, and Cognitive Domains for Vaccinated Delta-Variant Survivors: A Descriptive Survey of a Nationwide Prospective Inception Cohort in Bangladesh. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4249920","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4249920"},{"issue":"11","key":"9769_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1346","volume":"313","author":"EW Clayton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clayton EW. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: an IOM report on redefining an illness. JAMA. 2015;313(11):1101\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.1346.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"9769_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-022-00250-5","volume":"16","author":"N Salari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salari N, Khodayari Y, Hosseinian-Far A, Zarei H, Rasoulpoor S, Akbari H, et al. Global prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among long COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BioPsychoSoc Med. 2022;16(1):21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13030-022-00250-5.","journal-title":"BioPsychoSoc Med"},{"key":"9769_CR7","unstructured":"Recommendations: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)\/chronic fatigue syndrome: Diagnosis and management: Guidance. [cited 2023 Jun 14]. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng206\/chapter\/recommendations"},{"key":"9769_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-007-9090-7","volume":"14","author":"LA Jason","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jason LA, Torres-Harding S, Friedberg F, Corradi K, Njoku MG, Donalek J, et al. Non-pharmacologic interventions for CFS: a randomized trial. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2007;14:275\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10880-007-9090-7.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"issue":"7283","key":"9769_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7283.387","volume":"322","author":"P Powell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Powell P, Bentall RP, Nye FJ, Edwards RH. Randomised controlled trial of patient education to encourage graded exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome. BMJ. 2001;322(7283):387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.322.7283.387.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"9769_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.877188","author":"C Colas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colas C, Bayle M, Labeix P, Botelho-Nevers E, Gagneux-Brunon A, Cazorla C, et al. Management of long COVID\u2014the CoviMouv\u2019Pilot study: importance of adapted physical activity for prolonged symptoms following SARS-CoV2 infection. Front Sports Act Living. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2022.877188.","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"9769_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-022-10075-2","author":"J DeMars","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeMars J, Brown DA, Angelidis I, Jones F, McGuire F, O\u2019Brien KK, et al. What is safe Long COVID rehabilitation? J Occup Rehabil. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-022-10075-2.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"9769_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3999-0","volume":"294","author":"FF Lauszus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lauszus FF, Kallfa E, Madsen MR. Fatigue and physical function after hysterectomy measured by SF-36, ergometer, and dynamometer. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;294:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00404-015-3999-0.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"9769_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","volume":"22","author":"P Mishra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth. 2019;22(1):67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18.","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"issue":"7","key":"9769_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074325","volume":"14","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang J, Li H, Zhao H, Xie Y, Li J, Wang M. Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in patients with post-COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2024;14(7):e074325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074325.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"9769_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.020","volume":"27","author":"P Dudouet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dudouet P, Cammilleri S, Guedj E, Jacquier A, Raoult D, Eldin C. Aortic 18F-FDG PET\/CT hypermetabolism in patients with long COVID: a retrospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(12):1873\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.09.020.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"9769_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(21)00333-9","volume":"21","author":"MJ Burke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burke MJ, Del Rio C. Long COVID has exposed medicine\u2019s blind-spot. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(8):1062\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(21)00333-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"9769_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grishechkina IA, Lobanov AA, Andronov SV, Rachin AP, Fesyun AD, Ivanova EP, et al. Long-term outcomes of different rehabilitation programs in patients with long COVID syndrome: a cohort prospective study. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2023 Apr 13;33(2). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/ejtm.2023.11063","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2023.11063"},{"key":"9769_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02032-7","author":"K O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien K, Townsend L, Dowds J, Bannan C, Nadarajan P, Kent B, et al. 1-year quality of life and health-outcomes in patients hospitalised with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Respir Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-022-02032-7.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"9769_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11020187","volume":"11","author":"M\u00c1 Valverde-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valverde-Mart\u00ednez M\u00c1, L\u00f3pez-Liria R, Mart\u00ednez-Cal J, Benzo-Iglesias MJ, Torres-\u00c1lamo L, Rocamora-P\u00e9rez P. Telerehabilitation, a viable option in patients with persistent Post-COVID syndrome: a systematic review. Healthcare. 2023;11(2):187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11020187.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"9769_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35991-y","author":"B Frisk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frisk B, J\u00fcrgensen M, Espehaug B, Nj\u00f8ten KL, S\u00f8fteland E, Aarli BB, et al. A safe and effective micro-choice based rehabilitation for patients with long COVID: results from a quasi-experimental study. Sci Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35991-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10266","key":"9769_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32662-3","volume":"396","author":"N Lancet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lancet N. Facing up to long COVID. The Lancet. 2020;396(10266):1861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)32662-3.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"9769_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074133","volume":"19","author":"F Besnier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Besnier F, B\u00e9rub\u00e9 B, Malo J, Gagnon C, Gr\u00e9goire CA, Juneau M, et al. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in Long-COVID-19 patients with persistent breathlessness and fatigue: the COVID-Rehab study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19074133.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"9769_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1634st","volume":"188","author":"MA Spruit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, ZuWallack R, Nici L, Rochester C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):e13-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201309-1634st.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9769_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x231188394","author":"MMC Da Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Da Silva MMC, Viana DR, Colucci MG, Gonzaga LA, Arcuri JF, Frade MCM, et al. Effects of a cardiopulmonary telerehabilitation using functional exercises in individuals after COVID-19 hospital discharge: a randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633x231188394.","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"9769_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102395","volume":"35","author":"G Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres G, Gradidge PJ. The quality and pattern of rehabilitation interventions prescribed for post-COVID-19 infection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2023;35:102395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102395.","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"9769_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080966","volume":"9","author":"Z Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan Z, Yang M, Lai CL. Long COVID-19 syndrome: a comprehensive review of its effect on various organ systems and recommendation on rehabilitation plans. Biomedicines. 2021;9(8):966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9080966.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"9769_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34678-8","author":"S Malesevic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malesevic S, Sievi NA, Baumgartner P, Roser K, Sommer G, Schmidt D, et al. Impaired health-related quality of life in long-COVID syndrome after mild to moderate COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-34678-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"9769_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001377","volume":"10","author":"A Asimakos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asimakos A, Spetsioti S, Mavronasou A, Gounopoulos P, Siousioura D, Dima E, et al. Additive benefit of rehabilitation on physical status, symptoms and mental health after hospitalisation for severe COVID-19 pneumonia. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023;10(1):e001377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001377.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"9769_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2023.03.022","volume":"123","author":"HJ Chuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuang HJ, Lin CW, Hsiao MY, Wang TG, Liang HW. Long COVID and rehabilitation. J Formos Med Assoc. 2024;123:S61\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2023.03.022.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"9769_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007004","volume":"6","author":"DA Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown DA, O\u2019Brien KK. Conceptualising Long COVID as an episodic health condition. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(9):e007004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007004.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"9769_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-011276","volume":"8","author":"KK O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien KK, Brown DA, McDuff K, St Clair-Sullivan N, Solomon P, Carusone SC, et al. Conceptualising the episodic nature of disability among adults living with Long COVID: a qualitative study. BMJ Glob Health. 2023;8(3):e011276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-011276.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9769_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-024-10173-3","volume":"34","author":"J Cohen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cohen J, Van Der Meulen Rodgers Y. Long COVID prevalence, disability, and accommodations: analysis across demographic groups. J Occup Rehabil. 2024;34(2):335\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10926-024-10173-3.","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"19","key":"9769_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196938","volume":"14","author":"N Lamberti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lamberti N, Baroni A, Piva G, Fregna G, Schincaglia N, Crepaldi A, et al. A structured low-intensity home-based walking program to improve physical and mental functioning after hospitalization for severe COVID-19: a pragmatic nonrandomized controlled trial. J Clin Med. 2025;14(19):6938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14196938.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T02:20:18Z","timestamp":1787710818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09769-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study obtained ethical approval from the ethical review board of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS\/FPSK6.9\/100-6\/95), and the trial was registered with the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI\/2023\/03\/050808; registered on 17\/03\/2023). This study obtained written informed consent for participants and their legal guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient and public involvement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"549"}}