{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:08:25Z","timestamp":1780304905813,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trials"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T01:35:14Z","timestamp":1779759314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation combined with exercise training in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guosen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaopeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuansheng","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingming","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50006","volume":"19","author":"B Reider","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reider B, Arcand MA, Diehl LH, Mroczek K, Abulencia A, Stroud CC, et al. Proprioception of the knee before and after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(1):2\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jars.2003.50006.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"5","key":"9810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381211056873","volume":"14","author":"AW Brinlee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinlee AW, Dickenson SB, Hunter-Giordano A, Snyder-Mackler L. ACL reconstruction rehabilitation: clinical data, biologic healing, and criterion-based milestones to inform a return-to-sport guideline. Sports Health. 2022;14(5):770\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19417381211056873.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512459638","volume":"41","author":"TE Hewett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hewett TE, Di Stasi SL, Myer GD. Current concepts for injury prevention in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(1):216\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546512459638.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"9810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093398","volume":"48","author":"CL Ardern","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ardern CL, Taylor NF, Feller JA, Webster KE. Fifty-five percent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(21):1543\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093398.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"9810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108694","volume":"59","author":"PW Winkler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Winkler PW, Thorolfsson B, Piussi R, Snaebj\u00f6rnsson T, Simonsson R, Karlsson J, et al. Sport-specific concomitant injuries, return-to-sport rates and second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in adolescents with ACL reconstruction. Br J Sports Med. 2025;59(13):931\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108694.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01058-0","volume":"49","author":"A Gokeler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gokeler A, Neuhaus D, Benjaminse A, Grooms DR, Baumeister J. Principles of motor learning to support neuroplasticity after ACL injury: implications for optimizing performance and reducing risk of second ACL injury. Sports Med. 2019;49(6):853\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01058-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2025.12725","volume":"55","author":"TN Vitharana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitharana TN, King E, Welch N, Devitt B, Moran K. Sensorimotor dysfunction following anterior cruciate ligament injury (Part 1). What is it? How can clinicians assess it? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2025;55(6):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2025.12725.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"9810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2025.12726","volume":"55","author":"TN Vitharana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vitharana TN, King E, Welch N, Devitt B, Moran K. Sensorimotor dysfunction following anterior cruciate ligament injury (Part 2): How can clinicians rehabilitate it? Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 2025;55(7):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2025.12726.","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopedic & Sports Physical Therapy"},{"key":"9810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480512","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3480512","volume":"2019","author":"T Neto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neto T, Sayer T, Theisen D, Mierau A. Functional brain plasticity associated with ACL injury: a scoping review of current evidence. Neural Plast. 2019;2019:3480512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3480512.","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"issue":"2","key":"9810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.07.005","volume":"10","author":"KM Rodriguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodriguez KM, Palmieri-Smith RM, Krishnan C. How does anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction affect the functioning of the brain and spinal cord? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(2):172\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.07.005.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"9810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104477","volume":"61","author":"J Ma","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ma J, Chen L, Yang X, Tong S, Chen H, Hou J. Characteristics of corticospinal excitability following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and immediate effects of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation: a preliminary study. Knee. 2026;61:104477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104477.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"16","key":"9810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1136\/jphysiol.2013.270280","volume":"592","author":"A Priori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Priori A, Ciocca M, Parazzini M, Vergari M, Ferrucci R. Transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation and transcutaneous spinal cord direct current stimulation as innovative tools for neuroscientists. J Physiol. 2014;592(16):3345\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jphysiol.2013.270280.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"9810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.249","volume":"119","author":"F Cogiamanian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cogiamanian F, Vergari M, Pulecchi F, Marceglia S, Priori A. Effect of spinal transcutaneous direct current stimulation on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(11):2636\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.07.249.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.014","volume":"121","author":"T Winkler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Winkler T, Hering P, Straube A. Spinal DC stimulation in humans modulates post-activation depression of the H-Reflex depending on current polarity. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(6):957\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.01.014.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"9810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.11.021","volume":"124","author":"M Hubli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hubli M, Dietz V, Schrafl-Altermatt M, Bolliger M. Modulation of spinal neuronal excitability by spinal direct currents and locomotion after spinal cord injury. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124(6):1187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.11.021.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"9810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695910","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.695910","volume":"12","author":"M Guidetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guidetti M, Ferrucci R, Vergari M, Aglieco G, Naci A, Versace S, et al. Effects of transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (TsDCS) in patients with chronic pain: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Front Neurol. 2021;12:695910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.695910.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"9810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bocci T, Barloscio D, Vergari M, Di Rollo A, Rossi S, Priori A, et al. Spinal Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Short Intracortical Inhibition. Neuromodulation: Technol Neural Interf. 2015;18(8):686\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12314.","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12314"},{"key":"9810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e081477","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477","volume":"389","author":"AW Chan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chan AW, Boutron I, Hopewell S, Moher D, Schulz KF, Collins GS, et al. SPIRIT 2025 statement: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials. BMJ. 2025;389:e081477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-081477.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"9810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01934-w","volume":"54","author":"M Buckthorpe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buckthorpe M, Gokeler A, Herrington L, Hughes M, Grassi A, Wadey R, et al. Optimising the early-stage rehabilitation process post-ACL reconstruction. Sports Med. 2024;54(1):49\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-023-01934-w.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"9810_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106158","volume":"57","author":"R Kotsifaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotsifaki R, Korakakis V, King E, Barbosa O, Maree D, Pantouveris M, et al. Aspetar clinical practice guideline on rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(9):500\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106158.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"9810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095898","volume":"50","author":"N van Melick","year":"2016","unstructured":"van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Brooijmans F, Neeter C, van Tienen T, Hullegie W, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(24):1506\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095898.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"9810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12203","volume":"32","author":"AG Geeslin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Engebretsen L, Lind M, Hansson F, Stalman A, et al. Functional anterior cruciate ligament braces may have a role in select patient groups although there is presently limited evidence supporting or refuting their routine use: a scoping review of clinical practice guidelines and an updated bracing classification. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2024;32(7):1690\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ksa.12203.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"12","key":"9810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517721692","volume":"45","author":"T Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen T, Zhang P, Chen J, Hua Y, Chen S. Long-term outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using either synthetics with remnant preservation or hamstring autografts: a 10-year longitudinal study. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(12):2739\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546517721692.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.2.88","volume":"28","author":"EM Roos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, Ekdahl C, Beynnon BD. Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS)--development of a self-administered outcome measure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28(2):88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.2.88.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"9810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.01.010","volume":"19","author":"M Salavati","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salavati M, Akhbari B, Mohammadi F, Mazaheri M, Khorrami M. Knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS); reliability and validity in competitive athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2011;19(4):406\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2011.01.010.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"10352","key":"9810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01424-6","volume":"400","author":"DJ Beard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beard DJ, Davies L, Cook JA, Stokes J, Leal J, Fletcher H, et al. Rehabilitation versus surgical reconstruction for non-acute anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACL SNNAP): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10352):605\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01424-6. PMID: 35988569.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"9810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510370280","volume":"38","author":"WR Dunn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dunn WR, Spindler KP, MOON Consortium. Predictors of activity level 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR): a multicenter orthopedic outcomes network (MOON) ACLR cohort study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(10):2040\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546510370280.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"9810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2090624","volume":"45","author":"G Mesaroli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mesaroli G, Vader K, Rosenbloom BN, Birnie KA, Stinson J. Sensibility and measurement properties of the Tampa scale of kinesiophobia to measure fear of movement in children and adults in surgical settings. Disabil Rehabil. 2023;45(14):2390\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2022.2090624.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"9810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016","volume":"127","author":"DJ French","year":"2007","unstructured":"French DJ, France CR, Vigneau F, French JA, Evans RT. Fear of movement\/(re)injury in chronic pain: a psychometric assessment of the original English version of the Tampa scale for kinesiophobia (TSK). Pain. 2007;127(1\u20132):42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"9810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/s1440-2440(98)80005-4","volume":"1","author":"PJ Visentini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Visentini PJ, Khan KM, Cook JL, Kiss ZS, Harcourt PR, Wark JD, et al. The VISA score: an index of severity of symptoms in patients with jumper\u2019s knee (patellar tendinosis). J Sci Med Sport. 1998;1(1):22\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1440-2440(98)80005-4.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"9810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596712412481","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241248165","volume":"12","author":"FY Syu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Syu FY, Lin YL, Chien A, Chen CY, Hsieh BY, Shih YF. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the traditional Chinese version of the VISA-P questionnaire. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12(5):23259671241248165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259671241248165.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260030201","volume":"26","author":"N Mohtadi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mohtadi N. Development and validation of the quality of life outcome measure (questionnaire) for chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(3):350\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03635465980260030201.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"9810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198509000-00007","volume":"198","author":"Y Tegner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;198:43\u20139 PMID: 4028566.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"9810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00317","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v54.2304","volume":"54","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Tegner Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, et al. Reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale for knee arthroplasty. J Rehabil Med. 2022;54:jrm00317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v54.2304.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"9810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.03.010","volume":"150","author":"S Vucic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vucic S, Stanley Chen KH, Kiernan MC, Hallett M, Benninger DH, Di Lazzaro V, et al. Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol. 2023;150:131\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.03.010.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2","volume":"68","author":"PM Rossini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rossini PM, Rossi S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential. Neurology. 2007;68(7):484\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000250268.13789.b2.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102700","volume":"67","author":"KM Rodriguez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez KM, Palmieri-Smith RM, Krishnan C. Quadriceps motor evoked torque is a reliable measure of corticospinal excitability in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2022;67:102700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelekin.2022.102700.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/s1050-6411(00)00027-4","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10(5):361\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1050-6411(00)00027-4.","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-06898-4","volume":"30","author":"PA Sokal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sokal PA, Norris R, Maddox TW, Oldershaw RA. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for anterior cruciate ligament tears are comparable but the Lachman test has been previously overestimated: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022;30(10):3287\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-022-06898-4.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"12","key":"9810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511422349","volume":"39","author":"BD Beynnon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beynnon BD, Johnson RJ, Naud S, Fleming BC, Abate JA, Brattbakk B, et al. Accelerated versus nonaccelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation evaluating knee joint laxity using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(12):2536\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546511422349.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"9810_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00011","volume":"134","author":"D Moher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG, CONSORT GROUP (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials). The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(8):657\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00011.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9810_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.03.009","volume":"30","author":"CR Criss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Criss CR, Melton MS, Ulloa SA, Simon JE, Clark BC, France CR, et al. Rupture, reconstruction, and rehabilitation: a multi-disciplinary review of mechanisms for central nervous system adaptations following anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee. 2021;30:78\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.knee.2021.03.009.","journal-title":"Knee"},{"issue":"3","key":"9810_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2024.2346729","volume":"41","author":"MV de Brito Santana","year":"2025","unstructured":"de Brito Santana MV, Baptista AF. Corticospinal and intracortical excitability in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament injury and ligament reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Physiother Theory Pract. 2025;41(3):664\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593985.2024.2346729.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"9810_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.017","volume":"12","author":"OO Awosika","year":"2019","unstructured":"Awosika OO, Sandrini M, Volochayev R, Thompson RM, Fishman N, Wu T, et al. Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation improves locomotor learning in healthy humans. Brain Stimul. 2019;12(3):628\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2019.01.017.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"9810_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.06.037","volume":"578","author":"T Bocci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bocci T, Vannini B, Torzini A, Mazzatenta A, Vergari M, Cogiamanian F, et al. Cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) improves motor unit recruitment in healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett. 2014;578:75\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.06.037.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"9810_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10173","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210173","volume":"24","author":"P Marangolo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marangolo P, Vasta S, Manfredini A, Caltagirone C. What else can be done by the spinal cord? A review on the effectiveness of transpinal direct current stimulation (TsDCS) in stroke recovery. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(12):10173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241210173.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"9810_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051283","volume":"11","author":"M Guidetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guidetti M, Giannoni-Luza S, Bocci T, Pacheco-Barrios K, Bianchi AM, Parazzini M, et al. Modeling electric fields in transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation: a clinical perspective. Biomedicines. 2023;11(5):1283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11051283.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"}],"container-title":["Trials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:39:33Z","timestamp":1780303173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-026-09810-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-6215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-6215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was ethically approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, complying with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written consent for publication was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"407"}}