{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:12:21Z","timestamp":1790892741668,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018778","name":"Al-Azhar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Chemistry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Milk is a widely consumed dietary product due to its high nutritional value. The presence of veterinary drug residues in milk constitutes a potential risk to human health and undesirable effects on consumers. In this study, a chromatographic method was developed and optimized for quantitative analysis of imidocarb dipropionate (IMD), flunixin meglumine (FNM), and sulfadimidine (SDD) residues in milk. These drugs are used together as a combination therapy for the management of anaplasmosis in cattle. The chromatographic separation was performed using an ODS Hypersil C18 column with UV detection at 270 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 3: acetonitrile: methanol (55:30:15, by volume), with a flow rate of 1 mL\/min. Before analysis, a protein precipitation procedure was performed to extract the studied drugs from milk by using methanol as an extractor\/deproteinization agent. The proposed method was successfully employed to quantify the studied drug residues in cattle milk samples within and after their withdrawal periods. The developed method was statistically compared with reported methods, demonstrating no significant difference in terms of accuracy and precision. Greenness and environmental impact were also evaluated for the proposed procedure, verifying it was a green and eco-friendly analytical method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T08:01:11Z","timestamp":1744963271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A green and verified high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for the concurrent measurement of a few veterinary drug residues in milk"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Osama I.","family":"Abdel Sattar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed H. M.","family":"Abuseada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Emara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rabee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1455_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyene T. Veterinary drug residues in food-animal products: its risk factors and potential effects on public health. J Vet Sci Technol. 2015;07(01).","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7579.1000285"},{"issue":"10","key":"1455_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3532","volume":"22","author":"SB Turnipseed","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turnipseed SB, Andersen WC, Karbiwnyk CM, Madson MR, Miller KE. Multi-class, multi-residue liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry screening and confirmation methods for drug residues in milk. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2008;22(10):1467\u201380.","journal-title":"Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2018.1426890","volume":"35","author":"T Delatour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delatour T, Racault L, Bessaire T, Desmarchelier A. Screening of veterinary drug residues in food by LC\u2013MS\/MS. Background and challenges. Food Additiv Contamin Part A. 2018;35(4):633\u201346.","journal-title":"Food Additiv Contamin Part A."},{"key":"1455_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.12.020","volume":"88","author":"RE Baynes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baynes RE, Dedonder K, Kissell L, Mzyk D, Marmulak T, Smith G, et al. Health concerns and management of select veterinary drug residues. Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;88:112\u201322.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-020-01838-9","volume":"14","author":"H Saleh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saleh H, Elhenawee M, Hussien EM, Ahmed N, Ibrahim AE. Validation of HPLC-UV multi-residue method for the simultaneous determination of tetracycline, oxytetracycline, spiramycin and neospiramycin in raw milk. Food Anal Methods. 2021;14(1):36\u201343.","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods"},{"issue":"18","key":"1455_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12183422","volume":"12","author":"R Pratiwi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pratiwi R, Ramadhanti SP, Amatulloh A, Megantara S, Subra L. Recent advances in the determination of veterinary drug residues in food. Foods. 2023;12(18):3422.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.162-167","volume":"7","author":"NA Afifi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afifi NA, Shihata IM, El-zorba HY, Ismail IM. Effect of Imidocarb dipropionate on the immune response to Foot and Mouth Disease vaccine in healthy and anaplasmosis-infected calves. Veterinary World. 2014;7(3):162\u20137.","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"issue":"6","key":"1455_CR8","first-page":"49","volume":"14","author":"VK Rai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rai VK, Singh A, Maurya PS, Ramakant SD, Jaiswal V, et al. Study on therapeutic management of tick-borne diseases in cross-bred cattle. Int J Livestock Res. 2024;14(6):49\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Livestock Res."},{"key":"1455_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118948538.ch23","volume-title":"Bovine medicine","author":"PD Cockcroft","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cockcroft PD. Antimicrobial selection in cattle practice. In: Bovine medicine. Amsterdam: Wiley; 2015. p. 225\u201337."},{"key":"1455_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.06.001","volume":"97","author":"RL Doyle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Doyle RL, Fritzen A, Bottari NB, Alves MS, da Silva AD, Morsch VM, et al. Imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Anaplasma marginale in cattle: effects on enzymes of the antioxidant, cholinergic, and adenosinergic systems. Microb Pathog. 2016;97:226\u201330.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"1455_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.012","volume":"167","author":"KM Kocan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kocan KM, de la Fuente J, Blouin EF, Coetzee JF, Ewing SA. The natural history of Anaplasma marginale. Vet Parasitol. 2010;167(2\u20134):95\u2013107.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00489.x","volume":"20","author":"AL Ayoob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ayoob AL, Hackner SG, Prittie J. Clinical management of canine babesiosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2010;20(1):77\u201389.","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2013.189","volume":"2","author":"JA Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park JA, Cho HJ, Cho SM, Kim NH, Kim DS, Zhang D, et al. Determination of imidocarb in animal biosamples using simple high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Biomed Rep. 2014;2(1):89\u201392.","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"issue":"18","key":"1455_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2011.585484","volume":"34","author":"K Inoue","year":"2011","unstructured":"Inoue K, Nunome M, Hino T, Oka H. Determination of imidocarb in bovine tissues and milk samples by LC-MS\/MS. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol. 2011;34(18):2149\u201356.","journal-title":"J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1455_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.779752","volume":"30","author":"IM Traynor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Traynor IM, Thompson CS, Armstrong L, Fodey T, Danaher M, Jordan K, et al. Determination of imidocarb residues in bovine and ovine liver and milk by immunobiosensor. Food Addit Contamin Part A Chem Anal Control Exp Risk Assess. 2013;30(6):1108\u201314.","journal-title":"Food Addit Contamin Part A Chem Anal Control Exp Risk Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab7115","volume":"167","author":"SA Atty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atty SA, Zaazaa HE, Morsy FA, Naguib DM, Sedik GA. Nano green voltammetric determination of imidocarb dipropionate and its residues in bovine meat, milk and urine samples. J Electrochem Soc. 2020;167(4): 047510.","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"1455_CR17","first-page":"261","volume":"51","author":"P Jedziniak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Olejnik M, Jaroszewski J. Determination of flunixin and 5-hydroxyflunixin in bovine plasma with HPLC-UV-method development, validation and verification. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2007;51(2):261\u20136.","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy"},{"issue":"May","key":"1455_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"JS Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith JS, Marmulak TL, Angelos JA, Lin Z, Rowe JD, Carlson JL, et al. Pharmacokinetic parameters and estimated milk withdrawal intervals for domestic goats (Capra Aegagrus Hircus) after administration of single and multiple intravenous and subcutaneous doses of flunixin meglumine. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7(May):1\u201317.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1455_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2321572","volume":"2017","author":"HA Merey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merey HA, Abd-Elmonem MS, Nazlawy HN, Zaazaa HE. Spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of oxytetracycline hcl and flunixin meglumine in their veterinary pharmaceutical formulation. J Anal Methods Chem. 2017;2017:1\u20138.","journal-title":"J Anal Methods Chem"},{"key":"1455_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1529280","volume":"2017","author":"N Batrawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Batrawi N, Naseef H, Al-Rimawi F. Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of florfenicol and flunixin meglumine combination in an injectable solution. J Anal Methods Chem. 2017;2017:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Anal Methods Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"1455_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA08850A","volume":"11","author":"OI Abdel Sattar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel Sattar OI, Abuseada HHM, Emara MS, Rabee M. Eco-friendly multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares and chromatographic quantifications of some veterinary drug residues in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. RSC Adv. 2021;11(5):2935\u201346.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"1455_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Uzunov R, Krluku M, Jovanov S, Stojkovski V, Arapcheska M, et al. Determination of multi-class antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial resistance in cow milk and feces samples during withdrawal period. Animals. 2023;13(23).","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13233603"},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.3.736","volume":"88","author":"SB Clark","year":"2005","unstructured":"Clark SB, Turnipseed SB, Madson MR, Hurlbut JA, Kuck LR, Sofos JN. Confirmation of sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadimethoxine residues in condensed milk and soft-cheese products by liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2005;88(3):736\u201343.","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1455_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2478\/bvip-2013-0094","volume":"57","author":"WJ Pietro\u0144","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pietro\u0144 WJ, Cybulski W, Krasucka D, Mitura A, Kos K, Antczak M. Determination of five sulfonamides in medicated feedingstuffs by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2013;57(4):545\u201352.","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy"},{"key":"1455_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.05.006","volume":"593","author":"WW Buchberger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buchberger WW. Novel analytical procedures for screening of drug residues in water, waste water, sediment and sludge. Anal Chim Acta. 2007;593:129\u201339.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"1455_CR26","first-page":"2441","volume":"29","author":"T Magon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magon T, da Silveira R, Galuch MB, Fagan EP, Feitoza AFD, Palombini SV, et al. Simultaneous determination of four antibiotics in raw milk by UPLC-MS\/MS using protein precipitation as sample preparation: development, validation, and application in real samples. J Braz Chem Soc. 2018;29(11):2441\u20138.","journal-title":"J Braz Chem Soc"},{"key":"1455_CR27","unstructured":"Adoption C, Release C. ICH guideline Q2 (R2) on validation of analytical procedures. 2022;2(0)."},{"issue":"3","key":"1455_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.60307","volume":"6","author":"R El-Bagary","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Bagary R, El-Zaher AA, Elkady E, Mandour AA. Simultaneous determination of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and metronidazole in spiked human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectroscopy. J Appl Pharmaceut Sci. 2016;6(3):41\u20137.","journal-title":"J Appl Pharmaceut Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1455_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(03)00577-4","volume":"488","author":"E Daeseleire","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daeseleire E, Mortier L, De Ruyck H, Geerts N. Determination of flunixin and ketoprofen in milk by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2003;488(1):25\u201334.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"1455_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.03.013","volume":"37","author":"A Ga\u0142uszka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ga\u0142uszka A, Migaszewski ZM, Konieczka P, Namie\u015bnik J. Analytical eco-scale for assessing the greenness of analytical procedures. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2012;37:61\u201372.","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal Chem"}],"container-title":["BMC Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T08:01:15Z","timestamp":1744963275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcchem.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13065-025-01455-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5491640\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2661-801X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2661-801X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The animal study was reviewed and permitted by the ethics committee of Heliopolis university-Research no. HU.REC.A.1-2025. The informed consent to participate was obtained from the farm owners.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"103"}}