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This study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a B20 biodiesel blend derived from Used Temple Oil Methyl Ester (UTOME) enhanced with cerium oxide (CeO\u2082) nano additives. Conducted at constant speed and varying engine loads, the experiments show that CeO\u2082 additives significantly enhance brake thermal efficiency (BTE), with the B20UTOME100CeO\u2082 blend achieving efficiency levels comparable to pure diesel. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) decreases as CeO\u2082 concentration increases, reflecting enhanced fuel efficiency, while higher cylinder pressure (CP) and net heat release (NER) signify improved combustion processes. Emission analysis reveals substantial reductions in hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), with the B20UTOME100CeO\u2082 blend demonstrating the lowest HC and NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions due to better fuel atomization, improved combustion efficiency, and lower peak combustion temperatures enabled by the CeO\u2082 nanoparticles. The B20UTOME100CeO\u2082 blend demonstrated enhanced performance at maximum load, exhibiting a 1.57% increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency, a 6.67% reduction in Specific Fuel Consumption, a 2.83% elevation in cylinder pressure, and a 5.95% greater heat release when compared to conventional diesel. Emissions analysis revealed a significant reduction in carbon monoxide by 66.67%, hydrocarbons by 13.51%, and nitrogen oxides by 0.20% relative to diesel. A gradient boosting regressor model was trained on experimental data comprising fish oil biodiesel blends with nanoparticle additives, utilizing Python libraries. The accuracy of the model is supported by a mean squared error of 0.7647 for HC emissions and R\u00b2 scores of 0.9247 and 0.9882 for HC and NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that B20UTOME with 100 ppm CeO\u2082 additives offers a viable alternative to diesel, providing improved thermal efficiency, enhanced combustion, and reduced harmful emissions. The marked reduction in toxic emissions, including CO, HC, and NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    , carries significant biomedical relevance. These pollutants are known to induce respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders upon prolonged exposure. Therefore, implementing CeO\u2082-enhanced biodiesel blends offers a potential strategy for protecting public health by diminishing harmful exhaust emissions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-025-01693-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T12:15:20Z","timestamp":1764936920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validation of experimental and gradient boosting regressor model for predicting performance, combustion, emission, and biomedical implications of cerium oxide (CeO\u2082)-augmented B20 biodiesel blends derived from used temple oil"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7829-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesh","family":"Krishnappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devarahalli Kempegowda","family":"Ramesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9473-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seetharamapura Balaji","family":"Anjappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7250-4599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praveena Bindiganavile","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulfatah Abdu","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8845-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Imam","family":"Ammarullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1693_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Subramaniam M, Solomon JM, Nadanakumar V, Anaimuthu S, Sathyamurthy R. 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This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any field-based environmental or biological sampling. The used temple oil utilized in this work was obtained as waste material from the local temple, and no private or public land sampling was required. All experiments were conducted entirely within institutional laboratory facilities following standard safety guidelines. Predictions and validation were performed using open-source software.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, ChatGPT (version GPT-4, OpenAI) was used to improve the readability and language of the article. The AI tool was not used for data analysis, interpretation of results, or drawing scientific conclusions. All content has been reviewed and verified by the authors to ensure accuracy and integrity.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations of AI use"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"8"}}