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Its bioconversion to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) is an environmentally friendly method. Continuous fermentation has many striking merits over fed-batch and batch fermentation, such as high product concentration with easy feeding operation, long-term high productivity without frequent seed culture, and energy-intensive sterilization. However, it is usually difficult to harvest high product concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, a three-stage continuous fermentation was firstly designed to produce 1,3-PDO from crude glycerol by\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in which the first stage fermentation was responsible for providing the excellent cells in a robust growth state, the second stage focused on promoting 1,3-PDO production, and the third stage aimed to further boost the 1,3-PDO concentration and reduce the residual glycerol concentration as much as possible. Through the three-stage continuous fermentation, 80.05\u00a0g\/L 1,3-PDO as the maximum concentration was produced while maintaining residual glycerol of 5.87\u00a0g\/L, achieving a yield of 0.48\u00a0g\/g and a productivity of 3.67\u00a0g\/(L\u00b7h). Based on the 14 sets of experimental data from the first stage, a kinetic model was developed to describe the intricate relationships among the concentrations of 1,3-PDO, substrate, biomass, and butyrate. Subsequently, this kinetic model was used to optimize and predict the highest 1,3-PDO productivity of 11.26\u00a0g\/(L\u00b7h) in the first stage fermentation, while the glycerol feeding concentration and dilution rate were determined to be 92\u00a0g\/L and 0.341\u00a0h\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , separately. Additionally, to achieve a target 1,3-PDO production of 80\u00a0g\/L without the third stage fermentation, the predicted minimum volume ratio of the second fermenter to the first one was 11.9. The kinetics-based two-stage continuous fermentation was experimentally verified well with the predicted results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A novel three-stage continuous fermentation and a kinetic model were reported. Then a simpler two-stage continuous fermentation was developed based on the optimization of the kinetic model. This kinetics-based development of two-stage continuous fermentation could achieve high-level production of 1,3-PDO. Meanwhile, it provides a reference for other bio-chemicals production by applying kinetics to optimize multi-stage continuous fermentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-024-02486-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1709809353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Kinetics-based development of two-stage continuous fermentation of 1,3-propanediol from crude glycerol by Clostridium butyricum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Qin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo-Tao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Long","family":"Xiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2486_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.03.012","volume":"295","author":"M Anitha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anitha M, Kamarudin SK, Kofli NT. 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