{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:38:21Z","timestamp":1793824701527,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-02637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-02637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001862","name":"Svenska Forskningsr\u00e5det Formas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-01877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-01877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency grants","award":["APVV-20-0166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-20-0166"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004360","name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oil from oleaginous yeasts has the potential to replace non-sustainable vegetable oil as raw material to produce food, feed, biofuels, or biochemicals. Co-produced compounds like carotenoids may be helpful to obtain economically viable bioprocesses. Identifying appropriate extraction methods is a bottleneck both for establishing oleaginous yeasts as cell factories for both oil and carotenoids production and for analysis of intracellular compounds like lipids and carotenoids. We conducted extractions using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and conventional solvent methods to extract and analyze lipids and carotenoids from\n                      <jats:italic>R. toruloides<\/jats:italic>\n                      CBS 14 cells grown on wheat straw hydrolysate. The lipid extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC), and the carotenoids were identified and quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four main carotenoids in the extracts from both extraction methods were identified including \u03b2-carotene, \u03b3-carotene, torularhodin, and torulene. Interestingly, torularhodin was the major carotenoid extracted using SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      extraction, followed by torulene. This was different from the conventional acetone extraction method, where \u03b2-carotene was the main carotenoid. After the conventional extraction, torularhodin and torulene underwent degradation due to the saponification step, which was necessary to remove lipids before UHPLC analysis. The total carotenoid concentration obtained from SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      extraction was 332.09\u2009\u00b1\u200927.32\u00a0\u03bcg\/g dry weight compared to 19.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.74\u00a0\u03bcg\/g dry weight in acetone extraction. A small amount of carotenoids was observed to be lost into the lipid extract, but this loss was not as substantial as that seen with acetone extraction. Additionally, the total lipid content in samples extracted using SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      was significantly lower than that obtained using the conventional Folch method. GC analysis revealed that oleic acid was the major fatty acid in both lipid extracts, followed by palmitic acid and linoleic acid. Notably, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was higher in the extracts from the SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      method compared to the conventional method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings indicate that the SC-CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      extraction method outperformed conventional methods by preserving the integrity of unsaturated lipids and retaining an abundance of carotenoids, resulting in high-quality extracts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T06:37:44Z","timestamp":1742539064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipids and carotenoids from Rhodotorula toruloides CBS 14 in comparison with conventional extraction methods"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yashaswini Nagavara","family":"Nagaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Blomqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sampels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Pickova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Sandgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gajdo\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"\u010cert\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volkmar","family":"Passoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2632_CR1","unstructured":"Rosillo-Calle F, Pelkmans L, Walter A. A global overview of vegetable oils, with reference to biodiesel. A report for the IEA Bioenergy Task. 2009. p. 40."},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34232-x","volume":"8","author":"J Blomqvist","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blomqvist J, Pickova J, Tilami SK, Sampels S, Mikkelsen N, Brandenburg J, et al. Oleaginous yeast as a component in fish feed. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2632_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3838","volume":"40","author":"V Passoth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Passoth V, Brandenburg J, Chmielarz M, Mart\u00edn-Hern\u00e1ndez GC, Nagaraj Y, M\u00fcller B, et al. Oleaginous yeasts for biochemicals, biofuels and food from lignocellulose-hydrolysate and crude glycerol. Yeast. 2023;40(8):290\u2013302.","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-67622013000100018","volume":"37","author":"P Reyes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reyes P, Mendon\u00e7a RT, Aguayo MG, Rodr\u00edguez J, Vega B, Fardim P. Extraction and characterization of hemicelluloses from Pinus radiata and its feasibility for bioethanol production. Revista \u00c1rvore. 2013;37(1):175\u201380.","journal-title":"Revista \u00c1rvore"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866525666180122144504","volume":"25","author":"S Fatma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fatma S, Hameed A, Noman M, Ahmed T, Shahid M, Tariq M, et al. Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable bioenergy source for the future. Protein Pept Lett. 2018;25(2):148\u201363.","journal-title":"Protein Pept Lett"},{"key":"2632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1n B, Santos-Merino M, Nogales J, De la Cruz F, Garc\u00eda JL. Microbial oils as nutraceuticals and animal feeds. In: Health consequences of microbial interactions with hydrocarbons, oils, and lipids. 2020. p. 401\u201345.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15147-8_34"},{"key":"2632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai C-C, Tao J, Xie F, Dai Y-J, Zhao M. Biodiesel generation from oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis with xylose assimilating capacity. Afr J Biotechnol. 2007;6(18).","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2007.000-2331"},{"issue":"7","key":"2632_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8070300","volume":"8","author":"YN Nagaraj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagaraj YN, Burkina V, Okmane L, Blomqvist J, Rapoport A, Sandgren M, et al. Identification, quantification and kinetic study of carotenoids and lipids in Rhodotorula toruloides CBS 14 cultivated on wheat straw hydrolysate. Fermentation. 2022;8(7):300.","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-021-01916-y","volume":"14","author":"M Chmielarz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chmielarz M, Blomqvist J, Sampels S, Sandgren M, Passoth V. Microbial lipid production from crude glycerol and hemicellulosic hydrolysate with oleaginous yeasts. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2021;14(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels"},{"key":"2632_CR10","volume-title":"Carotenoids: nutrition, analysis and technology","author":"M Baranska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baranska M, Kaczor A. Carotenoids: nutrition, analysis and technology. New York: Wiley; 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020092","volume":"11","author":"A Rapoport","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rapoport A, Guzhova I, Bernetti L, Buzzini P, Kieliszek M, Kot AM. Carotenoids and some other pigments from fungi and yeasts. Metabolites. 2021;11(2):92.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"8","key":"2632_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1039\/c0pp00009d","volume":"9","author":"M Molin\u00e9","year":"2010","unstructured":"Molin\u00e9 M, Flores MR, Libkind D, Carmen Di\u00e9guez MdC, Far\u00edas ME, van Broock M. Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: the role of torularhodin. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2010;9(8):1145\u201351.","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27020518","volume":"27","author":"E Kultys","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kultys E, Kurek MA. Green extraction of carotenoids from fruit and vegetable byproducts: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(2):518.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-13-14","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li Y, Ghasemi Naghdi F, Garg S, Adarme-Vega TC, Thurecht KJ, Ghafor WA, et al. A comparative study: the impact of different lipid extraction methods on current microalgal lipid research. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"2632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel A, Matsakas L, Sartaj K, Chandra R. Extraction of lipids from algae using supercritical carbon dioxide. In: Green sustainable process for chemical and environmental engineering and science. Elsevier; 2020. p. 17\u201339.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817388-6.00002-7"},{"key":"2632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126824","volume":"323","author":"J Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez J, Schottroff F, Haas K, Fauster T, Sajfrtov\u00e1 M, \u00c1lvarez I, et al. Evaluation of pulsed electric fields technology for the improvement of subsequent carotenoid extraction from dried Rhodotorula glutinis yeast. Food Chem. 2020;323: 126824.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"33","key":"2632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27750","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA03016E","volume":"6","author":"E Yara-Varon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yara-Varon E, Fabiano-Tixier A-S, Balcells M, Canela-Garayoa R, Bily A, Chemat F. Is it possible to substitute hexane with green solvents for extraction of carotenoids? A theoretical versus experimental solubility study. RSC Adv. 2016;6(33):27750\u20139.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"2632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.06.017","volume":"36","author":"D Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu D, Ding L, Sun J, Boussetta N, Vorobiev E. Yeast cell disruption strategies for recovery of intracellular bio-active compounds\u2014a review. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2016;36:181\u201392.","journal-title":"Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-9750(95)02007-P","volume":"13","author":"AP Middelberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Middelberg AP. Process-scale disruption of microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv. 1995;13(3):491\u2013551.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv"},{"key":"2632_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.05.020","volume":"49","author":"HM Sbihi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sbihi HM, Nehdi IA, Tan CP, Al-Resayes SI. Bitter and sweet lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seeds and seed oils: a comparison study of their compositions and physicochemical properties. Ind Crops Prod. 2013;49:573\u20139.","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"2632_CR21","first-page":"657","volume":"84","author":"K Kitada","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kitada K, Machmudah S, Sasaki M, Goto M, Nakashima Y, Kumamoto S, et al. Supercritical CO2 extraction of pigment components with pharmaceutical importance from Chlorella vulgaris. J Chem Technol Biotechnol Int Res Process Environ Clean Technol. 2009;84(5):657\u201361.","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol Int Res Process Environ Clean Technol"},{"key":"2632_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.07.109","volume":"170","author":"D Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez D, Solana M, Ria\u00f1o B, Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Bertucco A. Biofuels from microalgae: lipid extraction and methane production from the residual biomass in a biorefinery approach. Bioresour Technol. 2014;170:370\u20138.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR23","first-page":"68","volume":"2","author":"N Vafaei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vafaei N, Rempel CB, Scanlon MG, Jones PJ, Eskin MN. Application of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of tocopherols and carotenoids (hydrophobic antioxidants) compared to non-SFE methods. Appl Chem. 2022;2(2):68\u201392.","journal-title":"Appl Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2632_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/87559120701593806","volume":"23","author":"J Shi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shi J, Mittal G, Kim E, Xue SJ. Solubility of carotenoids in supercritical CO2. Food Rev Int. 2007;23(4):341\u201371.","journal-title":"Food Rev Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2007.06.006","volume":"40","author":"M-J Dumont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dumont M-J, Narine SS. Soapstock and deodorizer distillates from North American vegetable oils: review on their characterization, extraction and utilization. Food Res Int. 2007;40(8):957\u201374.","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"2632_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052858j","volume":"54","author":"B D\u00edaz-Reinoso","year":"2006","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Reinoso B, Moure A, Dom\u00ednguez H, Paraj\u00f3 JC. Supercritical CO2 extraction and purification of compounds with antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(7):2441\u201369.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2002.tb00005.x","volume":"1","author":"N Rozzi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rozzi N, Singh R. Supercritical fluids and the food industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2002;1(1):33\u201344.","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"2632_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)62330-X","volume":"21","author":"E Ramsey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ramsey E, Qiubai S, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Wei G. Mini-review: green sustainable processes using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. J Environ Sci. 2009;21(6):720\u20136.","journal-title":"J Environ Sci"},{"key":"2632_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2011.09.015","volume":"61","author":"BL Lopes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopes BL, S\u00e1nchez-Camargo AP, Ferreira AL, Grimaldi R, Paviani LC, Cabral FA. Selectivity of supercritical carbon dioxide in the fractionation of fish oil with a lower content of EPA+ DHA. J Supercrit Fluids. 2012;61:78\u201385.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2009.06.026","volume":"95","author":"F Sahena","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sahena F, Zaidul I, Jinap S, Karim A, Abbas K, Norulaini N, et al. Application of supercritical CO2 in lipid extraction\u2014a review. J Food Eng. 2009;95(2):240\u201353.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2016.03.001","volume":"113","author":"M Viguera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viguera M, Marti A, Masca F, Prieto C, Calvo L. The process parameters and solid conditions that affect the supercritical CO2 extraction of the lipids produced by microalgae. J Supercrit Fluids. 2016;113:16\u201322.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"issue":"8","key":"2632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081836","volume":"25","author":"L Han","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han L, Han Q, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang S, Li G. Characterization and biological activities of seed oil extracted from Berberis dasystachya Maxim. by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. Molecules. 2020;25(8):1836.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"13","key":"2632_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2244","volume":"85","author":"L Leo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Leo L, Rescio L, Ciurlia L, Zacheo G. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and \u03b1-tocopherol from almond seeds. J Sci Food Agric. 2005;85(13):2167\u201374.","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"issue":"4","key":"2632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i4.27098","volume":"11","author":"G de Souza Lopes","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Souza Lopes G, de Araujo PCC, da Silva MJ, Paim LL, de Oliveira KR, Junior OV, et al. Kinetic study of peanut seed oil extraction with supercritical CO2. Res Soc Dev. 2022;11(4): e15511427098-e.","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.02.026","volume":"88","author":"ML Mart\u00ednez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez ML, Mattea MA, Maestri DM. Pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of walnut oil. J Food Eng. 2008;88(3):399\u2013404.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2632_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2003.09.001","volume":"1021","author":"X Cao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cao X, Ito Y. Supercritical fluid extraction of grape seed oil and subsequent separation of free fatty acids by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2003;1021(1\u20132):117\u201324.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2009.04.033","volume":"95","author":"P Mitra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitra P, Ramaswamy HS, Chang KS. Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed oil extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide and physicochemical properties of the oil. J Food Eng. 2009;95(1):208\u201313.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2004.03.021","volume":"66","author":"M Mac\u0131as-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mac\u0131as-S\u00e1nchez M, Mantell C, Rodr\u0131guez M, de La Ossa EM, Lubi\u00e1n L, Montero O. Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis gaditana. J Food Eng. 2005;66(2):245\u201351.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","volume":"226","author":"J Folch","year":"1957","unstructured":"Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957;226(1):497\u2013509.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2012.10.005","volume":"29","author":"C Reif","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reif C, Arrigoni E, Sch\u00e4rer H, Nystr\u00f6m L, Hurrell RF. Carotenoid database of commonly eaten Swiss vegetables and their estimated contribution to carotenoid intake. J Food Compos Anal. 2013;29(1):64\u201372.","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"issue":"3","key":"2632_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.3840","volume":"88","author":"J Milanesio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Milanesio J, Hegel P, Medina-Gonz\u00e1lez Y, Camy S, Condoret JS. Extraction of lipids from Yarrowia lipolytica. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2013;88(3):378\u201387.","journal-title":"J Chem Technol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2632_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-703X(02)00023-2","volume":"11","author":"G-B Lim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lim G-B, Lee S-Y, Lee E-K, Haam S-J, Kim W-S. Separation of astaxanthin from red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Biochem Eng J. 2002;11(2\u20133):181\u20137.","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2632_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201200099","volume":"8","author":"T Klempova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klempova T, Basil E, Kubatova A, Certik M. Biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid and beta-carotene by Zygomycetes fungi. Biotechnol J. 2013;8(7):794\u2013800.","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2632_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2017.06.014","volume":"125","author":"SH Duarte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duarte SH, dos Santos P, Michelon M, de Pinho Oliveira SM, Mart\u00ednez J, Maugeri F. Recovery of yeast lipids using different cell disruption techniques and supercritical CO2 extraction. Biochem Eng J. 2017;125:230\u20137.","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"key":"2632_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.002","volume":"177","author":"T Dong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dong T, Knoshaug EP, Pienkos PT, Laurens LM. Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: a critical review. Appl Energy. 2016;177:879\u201395.","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"2632_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.08.107","volume":"199","author":"D-Y Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim D-Y, Vijayan D, Praveenkumar R, Han J-I, Lee K, Park J-Y, et al. Cell-wall disruption and lipid\/astaxanthin extraction from microalgae: Chlorella and Haematococcus. Bioresour Technol. 2016;199:300\u201310.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-020-01712-0","volume":"13","author":"F Qi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qi F, Shen P, Hu R, Xue T, Jiang X, Qin L, et al. Carotenoids and lipid production from Rhodosporidium toruloides cultured in tea waste hydrolysate. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2020;13(1):1\u201312.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels"},{"key":"2632_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.124816","volume":"326","author":"X Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng X, Hu R, Chen D, Chen J, He W, Huang L, et al. Lipid and carotenoid production by the Rhodosporidium toruloides mutant in cane molasses. Bioresour Technol. 2021;326: 124816.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2632_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.12.20","volume":"12","author":"D Hadaruga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadaruga D, \u00dcnl\u00fcsayin M, Gruia A, Rusu G, Hadaruga N. Thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) and complexation with beta-cyclodextrin. Beilstein J Org Chem. 2016;12:179\u201391.","journal-title":"Beilstein J Org Chem"},{"key":"2632_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.099","volume":"240","author":"RK Saini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saini RK, Keum Y-S. Carotenoid extraction methods: a review of recent developments. Food Chem. 2018;240:90\u2013103.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2632_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10091699","volume":"10","author":"O \u0160ovljanski","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u0160ovljanski O, Savelji\u0107 A, Tomi\u0107 A, \u0160eregelj V, Lon\u010dar B, Cvetkovi\u0107 D, et al. Carotenoid-producing yeasts: selection of the best-performing strain and the total carotenoid extraction procedure. Processes. 2022;10(9):1699.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"2632_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2008.10.014","volume":"47","author":"F Temelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Temelli F. Perspectives on supercritical fluid processing of fats and oils. J Supercrit Fluids. 2009;47(3):583\u201390.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"key":"2632_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127639","volume":"260","author":"A Kayathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kayathi A, Chakrabarti PP, Bonfim-Rocha L, Cardozo-Filho L, Jegatheesan V. Selective extraction of polar lipids of mango kernel using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC\u2013CO2) extraction: process optimization of extract yield\/phosphorous content and economic evaluation. Chemosphere. 2020;260: 127639.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2632_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrico A, Larocca V, Trupo M, Martino M, Magarelli RA, Spagnoletta A, et al. A new method for selective extraction of torularhodin from red yeast using CO2-SFE technique. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2024.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-04884-9"},{"issue":"7","key":"2632_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02662228","volume":"59","author":"J Friedrich","year":"1982","unstructured":"Friedrich J, List G, Heakin A. Petroleum-free extraction of oil from soybeans with supercritical CO2. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1982;59(7):288\u201392.","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2632_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2010.08.008","volume":"102","author":"AP S\u00e1nchez-Camargo","year":"2011","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Camargo AP, Meireles M\u00c2A, Lopes BLF, Cabral FA. Proximate composition and extraction of carotenoids and lipids from Brazilian redspotted shrimp waste (Farfantepenaeus paulensis). J Food Eng. 2011;102(1):87\u201393.","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"2632_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.22.1441","volume":"22","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Watanabe H, Kikkawa J, Ota M, Watanabe M, Sato Y, et al. Carotenoids extraction from Japanese persimmon (Hachiya-kaki) peels by supercritical CO2 with ethanol. Anal Sci. 2006;22(11):1441\u20137.","journal-title":"Anal Sci"},{"key":"2632_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.15199\/62.2015.4.1","volume":"1","author":"A Mihalcea","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mihalcea A, Onu A, Tucureanu C, Ungureanu C, Raileanu S, Salageanu A, et al. Extraction of torularhodin from Rhodotorula rubra yeast using sunflower oil. Rev Chim. 2015;1:16.","journal-title":"Rev Chim"},{"issue":"2","key":"2632_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2006.06.026","volume":"53","author":"P Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park P, Kim E, Chu K. Chemical disruption of yeast cells for the isolation of carotenoid pigments. Sep Purif Technol. 2007;53(2):148\u201352.","journal-title":"Sep Purif Technol"},{"key":"2632_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2016.11.006","volume":"121","author":"SRP Hosseini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosseini SRP, Tavakoli O, Sarrafzadeh MH. Experimental optimization of SC-CO2 extraction of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina. J Supercrit Fluids. 2017;121:89\u201395.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"}],"container-title":["Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T15:32:22Z","timestamp":1742743942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13068-025-02632-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5460903\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2731-3654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-3654","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"35"}}