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Biofuels Bioprod."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microalgae have received a lot of interest as a sustainable solution for carbon dioxide fixation due to their great efficiency in capturing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and converting it into valuable biomass, making them a promising tool for mitigating climate change and expanding carbon capture technology. This study examines the efficacy of fixed shaped portable conical helix baffles (PCHB) in enhancing gas\u2013liquid mixing to promote microalgal growth in column photobioreactors (PBRs). Flat (90\u00b0 angle from cone surface), round, and inclined (60\u00b0 angle from cone surface) baffles were compared for performance. Modeling the gas flow indicated that round PCHB produced more spiral vortices and achieved better mixing performance than flat and inclined designs. Increasing the baffle size from 3 to 7\u00a0cm resulted in a 21% higher mass transfer coefficient. The simulation was verified by experiments. Notably, the implementation of a PCHB with a round helix-shaped structure (5\u00a0cm) led to a 33% (2.102\u2009\u00b1\u20090.08\u00a0g\/L) and 17% (2.419\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07\u00a0g\/L) dry mass increase of\n                    <jats:italic>Limnospira fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    when compared to flat and incline-shaped baffles, respectively. Our study revealed that using a round-shaped PCHB resulted to higher spiral movement, which in turn increases CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    utilization and cell proliferation. Our approach demonstrates high potential to further optimize industrial PBRs, thereby facilitating CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sequestration during microalgal cultivation to combat global warming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-025-02650-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:55:42Z","timestamp":1745934942000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enhancement of microalgal CO2 fixation in photobioreactors by means of spiral flow vortices"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameer Ali","family":"Kubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schagerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdur Rehman","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obaid Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhao","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2650_CR1","first-page":"365","volume":"35","author":"M Mohsin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohsin M, Rasheed AK, Sun H, Zhang J, Iram R, Iqbal N, et al. 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