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Biofuels Bioprod."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The escalating global plastic waste crisis, coupled with the challenges of managing high-moisture food waste from industrial processing, has prompted nations worldwide to pursue sustainable alternatives and comprehensive waste-reduction strategies. This study addresses this dual challenge by optimizing medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production from food wastewater (FWW) using\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                      through an iterative refinement process, offering a solution that converts waste into biodegradable plastics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In synthetic substrate tests, the highest PHA yield was 0.70\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 g PHA\/g VSS, with poly(3-hydroxydecanoate) constituting the majority (77.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.6%) of the PHA composition, followed by poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) (15.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.8%). These tests underscored the potential of ethanol as a significant contributor to mcl-PHA biosynthesis. In actual substrate tests using pre-treated soluble FWW (P-FWW), the optimal PHA yield was 0.33\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02 g PHA\/g VSS at an F\/M ratio of 5. Lower F\/M levels (5\u201325) predominantly produced short-chain-length PHA (scl-PHA), mainly in the form of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), while higher F\/M levels (50\u2013100) favored mcl-PHA, specifically poly(3-hydroxydecanoate).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that FWW can be effectively valorized as a sustainable feedstock for PHA production, transforming an industrial waste stream into a valuable biopolymer resource. By establishing the critical relationship between feeding strategy (F\/M ratio) and PHA composition, this research provides practical guidelines for optimizing microbial biosynthesis at scale. These findings contribute to circular economy principles by simultaneously addressing food-waste management and reducing dependence on petroleum-based plastics, positioning PHA production from FWW as a viable pathway toward sustainable biomanufacturing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-026-02780-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:45:20Z","timestamp":1781059520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biosynthesis of medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates from pre-treated food wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Aghasa","family":"Aghasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranaprathap","family":"Katakojwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudharshan","family":"Juntupally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Sool","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2780_CR1","first-page":"41","volume":"27","author":"Y Park","year":"2022","unstructured":"Park Y. 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