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Biofuels Bioprod."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Short-chain primary amines are a versatile group of molecules in biological systems, derived from the decarboxylation of amino acids or the transamination of carbonyl-containing molecules. Isobutylamine, the decarboxylation product of\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine, has applications in chemical synthesis of pharmaceuticals, herbicides, fungicides and specialized chemicals, where it is especially interesting as a substitute for petrochemical compounds. Since the chemical synthesis of short-chain primary amines is hazardous and environmentally unsustainable, we established an efficient biosynthetic approach in this work.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The natural amino acid producer\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium glutamicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an ideal chassis for the production of amino acid-derived molecules. In this study, we assessed the toxicity of several relevant short-chain primary amines on\n                      <jats:italic>C. glutamicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A crude extract assay demonstrated the decarboxylation of\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine to isobutylamine by the\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine decarboxylase VlmD\n                      <jats:sub>Sv<\/jats:sub>\n                      from\n                      <jats:italic>Streptomyces viridifaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This enzyme was instrumental to extend production of pyruvate in three engineered strains to yield\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine and subsequently isobutylamine. To ensure intracellular\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine supply, the extracellular\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine accumulation was decreased up to 20-fold by deletion of the genes for the branched-chain amino acid exporter BrnFE\n                      <jats:sub>Cg<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\/or overexpression of the\n                      <jats:sc>l-<\/jats:sc>\n                      valine importer gene\n                      <jats:italic>brnQ<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>Cg<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      . Surprisingly, expression of the transhydrogenase genes\n                      <jats:italic>pntAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>Ec<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      from\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      did not improve but drastically reduced isobutylamine production. Biochemical analysis revealed that\n                      <jats:italic>pntAB<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic>Ec<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      expression depolarized the membrane potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated the highest production of isobutylamine and the highest production of any microbial short-chain primary amine in minimal medium. In shake flask cultivation, an isobutylamine titer of 12.1\u00a0g\/L and a yield of 0.74\u00a0mol isobutylamine\/mol glucose were obtained. Transfer to a 3\u00a0L fed-batch bioreactor fermentation was successful and a titer of 33.2\u00a0g\/L was reached within 64\u00a0h with a yield of 0.47\u00a0mol\/mol and a volumetric productivity of 0.52\u00a0g\/l\/h. Moreover, isobutylamine production on a second-generation feedstock was shown, highlighting the potential of sustainable bio-based production of isobutylamine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-026-02831-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T23:15:17Z","timestamp":1791674117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic engineering strategies for sustainable de novo isobutylamine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tim","family":"Prasun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fynn","family":"Stegelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Blombach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker F.","family":"Wendisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2831_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.39.184","volume":"39","author":"M Amato","year":"1986","unstructured":"Amato M, Iinuma H, Naganawa H, Yamagishi Y, Amada M, Masuda T, et al. 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