{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1791218937713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]],"date-time":"2015-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426636800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T03:20:06Z","timestamp":1426562406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii in livestock in St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Clare M","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M","family":"Bartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Burrells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Porco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deidra","family":"Metzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Crouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K","family":"Ketzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A","family":"Innes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Katzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x","volume":"55","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubey JP. The history of Toxoplasma gondii\u2013the first 100 years. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2008;55:467\u201375.","journal-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol"},{"key":"776_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5686.806-b","volume":"4","author":"WM Hutchison","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hutchison WM, Dunachie JF, Siim JC, Work K. Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Br Med J. 1969;4:806.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"776_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.05.030","volume":"156","author":"A Kijlstra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kijlstra A, Meerburg B, Cornelissen J, De Craeye S, Vereijken P, Jongert E. The role of rodents and shrews in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet Parasitol. 2008;156:183\u201390.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.09.012","volume":"43","author":"DE Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill DE, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in farm animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:107\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.02.026","volume":"163","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis in sheep\u2013the last 20 years. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR6","unstructured":"Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards on a Request from EFSA on Surveillance and monitoring of Toxoplasma in humans, food and animals. EFSA J 2007, 583:1-64."},{"key":"776_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.05.018","volume":"164","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis in pigs\u2013the last 20 years. Vet Parasitol. 2009;164:89\u2013103.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR8","first-page":"231497","volume":"2013","author":"A Ortega-Pacheco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortega-Pacheco A, Acosta Viana KY, Guzman-Marin E, Segura-Correa JC, Alvarez-Fleites M, Jimenez-Coello M. Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in fattening pigs farm from Yucatan. Mexico Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:231497.","journal-title":"Mexico Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"776_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1645\/12-27.1","volume":"99","author":"I Garcia-Bocanegra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garcia-Bocanegra I, Cabezon O, Hernandez E, Martinez-Cruz MS, Martinez-Moreno A, Martinez-Moreno J. Toxoplasma gondii in ruminant species (cattle, sheep, and goats) from southern Spain. J Parasitol. 2013;99:438\u201340.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-121","volume":"42","author":"F Katzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Katzer F, Brulisauer F, Collantes-Fernandez E, Bartley PM, Burrells A, Gunn G, et al. Increased Toxoplasma gondii positivity relative to age in 125 Scottish sheep flocks; evidence of frequent acquired infection. Vet Res. 2011;42:121.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"776_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","volume":"39","author":"G Pappas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pappas G, Roussos N, Falagas ME. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2009;39:1385\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.11.002","volume":"30","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torgerson PR, de Silva NR, Fevre EM, Kasuga F, Rokni MB, Zhou XN, et al. The global burden of foodborne parasitic diseases: an update. Trends Parasitol. 2014;30:20\u20136.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","volume":"30","author":"AM Tenter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30:1217\u201358.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.6.1561","volume":"172","author":"DK Howe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Howe DK, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis. 1995;172:1561\u20136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"776_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00301-0","volume":"32","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ajzenberg D, Banuls AL, Tibayrenc M, Darde ML. Microsatellite analysis of Toxoplasma gondii shows considerable polymorphism structured into two main clonal groups. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:27\u201338.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2011.06.002","volume":"129","author":"IM Ferreira","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferreira IM, Vidal JE, de Mattos CC, de Mattos LC, Qu D, Su C, et al. Toxoplasma gondii isolates: multilocus RFLP-PCR genotyping from human patients in Sao Paulo State, Brazil identified distinct genotypes. Exp Parasitol. 2011;129:190\u20135.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.081306","volume":"15","author":"B Carme","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carme B, Demar M, Ajzenberg D, Darde ML. Severe acquired toxoplasmosis caused by wild cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:656\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"776_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2811.1","volume":"97","author":"A Chikweto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chikweto A, Kumthekar S, Tiwari K, Nyack B, Deokar MS, Stratton G, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle from Grenada and Carriacou, West Indies. J Parasitol. 2011;97:950\u20131.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-463R","volume":"91","author":"JR Dubey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dubey JR, Bhaiyat MI, de Allie C, Macpherson CN, Sharma RN, Sreekumar C, et al. Isolation, tissue distribution, and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens in Grenada, West Indies. J Parasitol. 2005;91:557\u201360.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1195R.1","volume":"93","author":"L Moura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moura L, Kelly P, Krecek RC, Dubey JP. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats from St. Kitts, West Indies. J Parasitol. 2007;93:952\u20133.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006015","volume":"136","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Moura L, Majumdar D, Sundar N, Velmurugan GV, Kwok OC, et al. Isolation and characterization of viable Toxoplasma gondii isolates revealed possible high frequency of mixed infection in feral cats (Felis domesticus) from St Kitts, West Indies. Parasitology. 2009;136:589\u201394.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"776_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.07.029","volume":"197","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Tiwari K, Chikweto A, Deallie C, Sharma R, Thomas D, et al. Isolation and RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from the domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) from Grenada, West Indies revealed high genetic variability. Vet Parasitol. 2013;197:623\u20136.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(88)90021-7","volume":"98","author":"D Buxton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Buxton D, Blewett DA, Trees AJ, McColgan C, Finlayson J. Further studies in the use of monensin in the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis. J Comp Pathol. 1988;98:225\u201336.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"776_CR24","unstructured":"Burrells A. Toxoplasma gondii in animal and human hosts. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK, 2014"},{"key":"776_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.07.003","volume":"205","author":"F Katzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katzer F, Canton G, Burrells A, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Horton B, Bartley PM, et al. Immunization of lambs with the S48 strain of Toxoplasma gondii reduces tissue cyst burden following oral challenge with a complete strain of the parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2014;205:46\u201356.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.2.388-396.2001","volume":"8","author":"SM Semu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Semu SM, Peter TF, Mukwedeya D, Barbet AF, Jongejan F, Mahan SM. Antibody responses to MAP 1B and other Cowdria ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle challenged with tick-transmitted heartwater. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:388\u201396.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"776_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00135-0","volume":"74","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Refinement of pepsin digestion method for isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from infected tissues. Vet Parasitol. 1998;74:75\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.027","volume":"139","author":"M Opsteegh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Opsteegh M, Langelaar M, Sprong H, den Hartog L, De Craeye S, Bokken G, et al. Direct detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in meat samples using magnetic capture and PCR. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;139:193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"776_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.08.020","volume":"158","author":"KW Prestrud","year":"2008","unstructured":"Prestrud KW, Asbakk K, Mork T, Fuglei E, Tryland M, Su C. Direct high-resolution genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the remote arctic Svalbard archipelago reveals widespread clonal Type II lineage. Vet Parasitol. 2008;158:121\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.023","volume":"140","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Patitucci AN, Su C, Sundar N, Kwok OC, Shen SK. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Chile, South America. Vet Parasitol. 2006;140:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065","volume":"137","author":"C Su","year":"2010","unstructured":"Su C, Shwab EK, Zhou P, Zhu XQ, Dubey JP. Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology. 2010;137:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"776_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001169","volume":"140","author":"A Burrells","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burrells A, Bartley PM, Zimmer IA, Roy S, Kitchener AC, Meredith A, et al. Evidence of the three main clonal Toxoplasma gondii lineages from wild mammalian carnivores in the UK. Parasitology. 2013;140:1768\u201376.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"776_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-449","volume":"7","author":"CM Hamilton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamilton CM, Katzer F, Innes EA, Kelly PJ. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants from four Caribbean islands. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:449\u2013552.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"776_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9541","volume":"49","author":"AA Adesiyun","year":"1996","unstructured":"Adesiyun AA, Cazabon EP. Seroprevalences of brucellosis, Q-fever and toxoplasmosis in slaughter livestock in Trinidad. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1996;49:28\u201330.","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop"},{"key":"776_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.02.036","volume":"146","author":"MM Clementino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clementino MM, Souza MF, Andrade Neto VF. Seroprevalence and Toxoplasma gondii-IgG avidity in sheep from Lajes, Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2007;146:199\u2013203.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1854.1","volume":"95","author":"AM Ragozo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ragozo AM, Yai LE, Oliveira LN, Dias RA, Goncalves HC, Azevedo SS, et al. Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from goats from Brazil. J Parasitol. 2009;95:323\u20136.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004873","volume":"135","author":"H Caballero-Ortega","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caballero-Ortega H, Palma JM, Garcia-Marquez LJ, Gildo-Cardenas A, Correa D. Frequency and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in ovines of various regions of the State of Colima, Mexico. Parasitology. 2008;135:1385\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"776_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.012","volume":"38","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Sundar N, Hill D, Velmurugan GV, Bandini LA, Kwok OC, et al. High prevalence and abundant atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from lambs destined for human consumption in the USA. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:999\u20131006.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.02.295","volume":"196","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Adams DS. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy goats from 1982 to 1984. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;196:295\u20136.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"776_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.12.283","volume":"122","author":"WS Johnston","year":"1988","unstructured":"Johnston WS. An investigation into toxoplasmosis as a cause of barrenness in ewes. Vet Rec. 1988;122:283\u20134.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"776_CR41","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis in Goats (Capra hircus). In: Dubey JP, editor. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. Boca, Florida: CRC Press; 2010. p. 137\u201344."},{"key":"776_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.439","volume":"24","author":"JK Frenkel","year":"1975","unstructured":"Frenkel JK, Ruiz A, Chinchilla M. Soil survival of toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1975;24:439\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"776_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.2307\/3284606","volume":"84","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. J Parasitol. 1998;84:862\u20135.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill DE, Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis. US Geological Survey Circular 1389 2014.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1389"},{"key":"776_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0326","volume":"45","author":"A Kijlstra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kijlstra A, Eissen OA, Cornelissen J, Munniksma K, Eijck I, Kortbeek T. Toxoplasma gondii infection in animal-friendly pig production systems. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3165\u20139.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"776_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.07.003","volume":"124","author":"MC Venturini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Venturini MC, Bacigalupe D, Venturini L, Rambeaud M, Basso W, Unzaga JM, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sows from slaughterhouses and in pigs from an indoor and an outdoor farm in Argentina. Vet Parasitol. 2004;124:161\u20135.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-830R.1","volume":"92","author":"GT Cavalcante","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cavalcante GT, Aguiar DM, Chiebao D, Dubey JP, Ruiz VL, Dias RA, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats and pigs from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol. 2006;92:863\u20134.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR48","first-page":"15","volume":"42","author":"ML Arias","year":"1994","unstructured":"Arias ML, Reyes L, Chinchilla M, Linder E. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii (Apicomplexa) in meat producing animals in Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop. 1994;42:15\u201320.","journal-title":"Rev Biol Trop"},{"key":"776_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00004-7","volume":"82","author":"HR Gamble","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gamble HR, Brady RC, Dubey JP. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic pigs in the New England states. Vet Parasitol. 1999;82:129\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932946","volume":"80","author":"R Edelhofer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edelhofer R. Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in pigs in Austria\u2013an evaluation of data from 1982 and 1992. Parasitol Res. 1994;80:642\u20134.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"776_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-85","volume":"6","author":"SB Glor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glor SB, Edelhofer R, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Basso W. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA kit for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in serum, plasma and meat juice from experimentally and naturally infected sheep. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:85.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"776_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01395.x","volume":"58","author":"AE Berger-Schoch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berger-Schoch AE, Bernet D, Doherr MG, Gottstein B, Frey CF. Toxoplasma gondii in Switzerland: a serosurvey based on meat juice analysis of slaughtered pigs, wild boar, sheep and cattle. Zoonoses Public Health. 2011;58:472\u20138.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"776_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.06.009","volume":"40","author":"L Halos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Halos L, Thebault A, Aubert D, Thomas M, Perret C, Geers R, et al. An innovative survey underlining the significant level of contamination by Toxoplasma gondii of ovine meat consumed in France. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:193\u2013200.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(98)00158-5","volume":"45","author":"MR Warnekulasuriya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Warnekulasuriya MR, Johnson JD, Holliman RE. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in cured meats. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;45:211\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"776_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.05.008","volume":"141","author":"DE Hill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hill DE, Chirukandoth S, Dubey JP, Lunney JK, Gamble HR. Comparison of detection methods for Toxoplasma gondii in naturally and experimentally infected swine. Vet Parasitol. 2006;141:9\u201317.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR56","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010.","edition":"2"},{"key":"776_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1988.49.06.910","volume":"49","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Long-term persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of pigs inoculated with T gondii oocysts and effect of freezing on viability of tissue cysts in pork. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:910\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"776_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004460","volume":"135","author":"H Caballero-Ortega","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caballero-Ortega H, Quiroz-Romero H, Olazaran-Jenkins S, Correa D. Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep from a tropical zone of Mexico and temporal analysis of the humoral response changes. Parasitology. 2008;135:897\u2013902.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"776_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/3283016","volume":"76","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Kotula AW, Sharar A, Andrews CD, Lindsay DS. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. J Parasitol. 1990;76:201\u20134.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0129.1","volume":"44","author":"S Choudhary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choudhary S, Zieger U, Sharma RN, Chikweto A, Tiwari KP, Ferreira LR, et al. Isolation and RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from the mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada, West Indies. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2013;44:1127\u201330.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"776_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1086\/342663","volume":"186","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ajzenberg D, Cogne N, Paris L, Bessieres MH, Thulliez P, Filisetti D, et al. Genotype of 86 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with human congenital toxoplasmosis, and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:684\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"776_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/597477","volume":"199","author":"D Ajzenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ajzenberg D, Yera H, Marty P, Paris L, Dalle F, Menotti J, et al. Genotype of 88 Toxoplasma gondii isolates associated with toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients and correlation with clinical findings. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1155\u201367.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"776_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1312.1","volume":"94","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Hill DE, Sundar N, Velmurugan GV, Bandini LA, Kwok OC, et al. Endemic toxoplasmosis in pigs on a farm in Maryland: isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol. 2008;94:36\u201341.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.2307\/3285654","volume":"85","author":"MR Owen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Owen MR, Trees AJ. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii associated with abortion in sheep. J Parasitol. 1999;85:382\u20134.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00364-2","volume":"32","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Graham DH, Blackston CR, Lehmann T, Gennari SM, Ragozo AM, et al. Biological and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Sao Paulo, Brazil: unexpected findings. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-655R.1","volume":"92","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Gennari SM, Labruna MB, Camargo LM, Vianna MC, Marcet PL, et al. Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Amazon, Brazil. J Parasitol. 2006;92:36\u201340.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.036","volume":"157","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Velmurugan GV, Chockalingam A, Pena HF, de Oliveira LN, Leifer CA, et al. Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2008;157:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"776_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4037-4044.2002","volume":"40","author":"B Carme","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carme B, Bissuel F, Ajzenberg D, Bouyne R, Aznar C, Demar M, et al. Severe acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent adult patients in French Guiana. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4037\u201344.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"776_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1086\/521246","volume":"45","author":"M Demar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Demar M, Ajzenberg D, Maubon D, Djossou F, Panchoe D, Punwasi W, et al. Fatal outbreak of human toxoplasmosis along the Maroni River: epidemiological, clinical, and parasitological aspects. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:e88\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"776_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0087","volume":"364","author":"LD Sibley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sibley LD, Khan A, Ajioka JW, Rosenthal BM. Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2014;364:2749\u201361.","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"776_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5881-5887.2005","volume":"43","author":"A Khan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khan A, Su C, German M, Storch GA, Clifford DB, Sibley LD. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from immunocompromised patients reveals high prevalence of type I strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5881\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"776_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060025","volume":"12","author":"A Khan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khan A, Jordan C, Muccioli C, Vallochi AL, Rizzo LV, Belfort Jr R, et al. Genetic divergence of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with ocular toxoplasmosis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:942\u20139.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasites &amp; Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T01:00:24Z","timestamp":1747789224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0776-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2015","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 March 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"166"}}