{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:23:26Z","timestamp":1773422606876,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1468-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]],"date-time":"2016-03-31T01:51:46Z","timestamp":1459389106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Onchocerciasis, an undiagnosed disease in Mozambique: identifying research opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Emilia V.","family":"Noormahomed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevan","family":"Akrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mascar\u00f3-Lazcano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffeng LL, Stolk WA, Zour\u00e9 HGM, Veerman JL, Agblewonu KB, Murdoch ME, et al. African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control 1995\u20132015: 423 Updated Health Impact Estimates Based on New Disability Weights. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014; doi: 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002759 .","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002759"},{"key":"1468_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00606.x","volume":"20","author":"A Krueger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krueger A. Guide to blackflies of the Simulium damnosum complex in Eastern and southern Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 2006;20:60\u201375.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"1468_CR3","first-page":"355","volume":"27","author":"H Fuglsang","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fuglsang H, Anderson J, De C, Marshall TF. The head nodule and ocular onchocerciasis in Africa. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1976;27:355\u201364.","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"1468_CR4","first-page":"14","volume":"1","author":"MG Wani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wani MG. Onchocerciasis. Southern Sudan Med J. 2008;1:14\u201325.","journal-title":"Southern Sudan Med J"},{"key":"1468_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90234-P","volume":"85","author":"GM Burnham","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burnham GM. Onchocerciasis in Malawi, 2: subjective complaints and decreased weight in persons infected with Onchocerca volvulus in the Thyolo highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991;85:497\u2013500.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1468_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6163.589-a","volume":"3","author":"A Prost","year":"1979","unstructured":"Prost A, Nebout M, Rougemont A. Lepromatous leprosy and onchocerciasis. Br Med J. 1979;3(1):589\u201390.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"343","key":"1468_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90980-6","volume":"15","author":"W Kipp","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda. Lancet. 1994;15(343):183\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1468_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pion SD, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Taylor MM, et al. Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009; doi: 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000461 .","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000461"},{"key":"1468_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bemmel van K, Derluyn I, Stroeken K. Nodding syndrome or disease? On the conceptualization of an illness in the making. Ethn Health.2014; doi: 10.1080\/13557858.2013.780233 .","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2013.780233"},{"key":"1468_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeoye AO, Ashaye AO, Onakpoya OH. Perception and attitude of people toward onchocerciasis (river blindness) in South Western Nigeria. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2010; doi: 10.4103\/0974-9233.71594 .","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.71594"},{"key":"1468_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559302300404","volume":"23","author":"U Amazigo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Amazigo U. Onchocerciasis and women\u2019s reproductive health: indigenous and biomedical concepts. Trop Doct. 1993;23:149.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"1468_CR12","first-page":"205","volume":"68","author":"R Houin","year":"1975","unstructured":"Houin R, Deniau M, Barbier D, Bonnet M. Misleading form of onchocerciasis; abscess of the anal edge. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1975;68:205\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"1468_CR13","first-page":"140","volume":"75","author":"FJ Wright","year":"1972","unstructured":"Wright FJ. Onchocerca volvulus causing abcesses. J Trop Med Hyg. 1972;75:140\u20131.","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1468_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-10","volume":"24","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamarozzi F, Halliday A, Gentil K, Hoerauf A, Pearlman E, Taylor MJ. Onchocerciasis: the role of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in parasite biology, disease pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:459\u201368.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1468_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-53","volume":"5","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamarozzi F, Tendongfor N, Enyong PA, Esum M, Faragher B, Wanji S, et al. Long term impact of large scale community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis. Parasites & Vectors. 2012;5:53.","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001108","volume":"141","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Townson S, Slatko BE, Ward SA. Anti-Wolbachia drug discovery and development: safe macrofilaricides for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology. 2014;141:119\u201327.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1468_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.009","volume":"102","author":"HP Duerr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Duerr HP, Raddatz G, Eichner M. Diagnostic value of nodule palpation in onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:148\u201354.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1468_CR18","first-page":"41","volume":"31","author":"BO Duke","year":"1980","unstructured":"Duke BO. Observations on Onchocerca volvulus in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Tropenmed Parasitol. 1980;31:41\u201354.","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"1468_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1122-9","volume":"8","author":"K Awadzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Awadzi K, Opoku NO, Attah SK, Lazdins-Helds JK, Kuesel C. Diagnosis of O. volvulus infection via skin exposure to diethylcarbamazine: clinical evaluation of a transdermal delivery technology-based patch. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:515.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.800","volume":"51","author":"K Darge","year":"1994","unstructured":"Darge K, Troeger J, Engelke C, Leichsenring M, Nelle M, Awadzi K, et al. Evaluation of ultrasonography for the detection of drug-induced changes in onchocercal nodules. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;51:800\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1468_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oguttu D, Byamukama E, Katholi ChR, Habomugisha P, Nahabwe C, Ngabirano M. Serosurveillance to monitor onchocerciasis elimination: The Ugandan experience. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; doi: 10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0546 .","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0546"},{"key":"1468_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1086\/317629","volume":"182","author":"GJ Weil","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weil GJ, Steel C, Liftis F, Li BW, Mearns G, Lobos E, et al. A rapid-format antibody card test for diagnosis of onchocerciasis. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:1796\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1468_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd MM, Gilbert R, Taha NT, Weil GJ, Meite A, Kouakou IMM, et al. Conventional parasitology and DNA-based diagnostic methods for onchocerciasis elimination programmes. Acta Trop. 2015; doi: 10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.03.019 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.03.019"},{"key":"1468_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-326","volume":"7","author":"HGM Zour\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zour\u00e9 HGM, Noma M, Tekle AH, Amazigo UV, Diggle PJ, Giorgi E, et al. The geograhic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (2) pre-control endemicity levels and estimated number infected. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:326.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0817-2","volume":"8","author":"S Wanji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wanji S, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Esum ME, Chounna WN, Tendonfor N, Adzemye BF, et al. Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of South West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:202.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0779-4","volume":"8","author":"HC Turner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turner HC, Walker M, Attah SK, Opoku NO, Awadzi K, Knesel AC, et al. The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: an economic evaluation based on the Phase II clinical trial data. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:167.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980050006465","volume":"94","author":"CG Vajime","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vajime CG, Tambala PA, Kr\u00fcger A, Post RJ. The cytotaxonomy of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Thyolo onchocerciasis focus in Malawi and description of a new member of the complex. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2000;94:279\u201390.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"1468_CR28","first-page":"3","volume":"8","author":"GM Burnham","year":"1992","unstructured":"Burnham GM. Onchocerciasis in the Thyolo highlands of Malawi. Malawi Med J. 1992;8:3\u20138.","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"1468_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90647-9","volume":"89","author":"P Courtright","year":"1995","unstructured":"Courtright P, Johnston K, Chitsulo L. A new focus on onchocerciasis in Nwanza district, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med. 1995;89:34\u20136.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med"},{"key":"1468_CR30","volume-title":"WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (WHO\/APOC) rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis","author":"P Enyong","year":"2007","unstructured":"Enyong P, Adie H, Esum M. WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (WHO\/APOC) rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis. Mozambique: REMO; 2007."},{"key":"1468_CR31","volume-title":"WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (WHO\/APOC) Nation-wide rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis","author":"BEB Nwoke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nwoke BEB, Enyong P, Tambala PH. WHO African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (WHO\/APOC) Nation-wide rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis. Mozambique: REMO; 2001."},{"key":"1468_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coffeng LE, Pion SDS, O\u2019Hanlon S, Cousens S, Abiose AO, Fisher PU, et al. Onchocerciasis: The pre-control association between prevalence of palpable nodules and skin microfilariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013; doi: 10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002168"},{"key":"1468_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.84.4.283","volume":"84","author":"S Deepak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deepak S, Hansine PE, Braccini C. Self-care groups of leprosy-affected people in Mozambique. Lepr Rev. 2013;84:283\u201391.","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"1468_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-325","volume":"7","author":"M Noma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noma M, Zour\u00e9 HGM, Tekle AH, Enyong PAI, Nwoke BEB, Remme JHF. The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:325.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1468_CR35","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3904&Itemid=3073 . Accesed 19 Jan 2016."}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1468-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T18:39:00Z","timestamp":1655404740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1468-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1468-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,31]]},"article-number":"180"}}