{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:38:10Z","timestamp":1792503490068,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/F016786\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/F016786\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasites Vectors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1875-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T12:44:41Z","timestamp":1479818681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Heterogeneity in the abundance and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in Scotland: implications for risk prediction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Millins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kilbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Birtles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Biek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.28.2.1904","volume":"28","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gubler DJ. Vector-borne diseases. Rev Sci Tech. 2009;28:583\u20138.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"1875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61151-9","volume":"380","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kilpatrick AM, Randolph SE. Drivers, dynamics, and control of emerging vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Lancet. 2012;380:1946\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-6-1","volume":"6","author":"C Linard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Linard C, Lamarque P, Heyman P, Ducoffre G, Luyasu V, Tersago K, et al. Determinants of the geographic distribution of Puumala virus and Lyme borreliosis infections in Belgium. Int J Health Geogr. 2007;6:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"1875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0397","volume":"366","author":"CP Quine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Quine CP, Barnett J, Dobson ADM, Marcu A, Marzano M, Moseley D, et al. Frameworks for risk communication and disease management: the case of Lyme disease and countryside users. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;366:2010\u201322.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1875_CR5","unstructured":"Health Protection Scotland. Lyme Disease, Scotland, Annual Totals. http:\/\/www.hps.scot.nhs.uk\/resourcedocument.aspx?resourceid=1455 . Accessed 26 Apr 2015."},{"key":"1875_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.022","volume":"11","author":"G Margos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Margos G, Vollmer SA, Ogden NH, Fish D. Population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11:1545\u201363.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"1875_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12310","volume":"16","author":"LB Ivanova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ivanova LB, Tomova A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Acu\u00f1a D, Mur\u00faa R, Moreno CX, Hern\u00e1ndez C, et al. Borrelia chilensis, a new member of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex that extends the range of this genospecies in the Southern Hemisphere. Environ Microbiol. 2014;16:1069\u201380.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201200145X","volume":"140","author":"MC James","year":"2013","unstructured":"James MC, Bowman AS, Forbes KJ, Lewis F, McLeod JE, Gilbert L. Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology. 2013;140:237\u201346.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00129","volume":"2","author":"MC James","year":"2014","unstructured":"James MC, Gilbert L, Bowman AS, Forbes KJ. The heterogeneity, distribution, and environmental associations of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Front Public Health. 2014;2:129\u201339.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1875_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00259.x","volume":"3","author":"SGT Rijpkema","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rijpkema SGT, Tazelear DJ, Molkeboer HJ, Noordhoek GT, Plantinga G, Schouls LM, et al. Detection of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii and group VS116 by PCR in skin biopsies of patients with erythema migrans and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1997;3:109\u201316.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1875_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.030439","volume":"10","author":"E Diza","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diza E, Papa A, Vezyri E, Tsounis S, Milonas I, Antoniadis A. Borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1692\u20133.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03492.x","volume":"17","author":"G Stanek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stanek G, Reiter M. The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex-clinical significance of genomic species? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:487\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1875_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.708","volume":"17","author":"AP Dam van","year":"1993","unstructured":"van Dam AP, Kuiper H, Vos K, Widjojokusumo A, de Jongh BM, Spanjaard L, et al. Different genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi are associated with distinct clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17:708\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000213070","volume":"37","author":"F Strle","year":"2009","unstructured":"Strle F, Stanek G. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2009;37:51\u2013110.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"1875_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00312.x","volume":"36","author":"A Mannelli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mannelli A, Bertolotti L, Gern L, Gray J. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe: transmission dynamics in multi-host systems, influence of molecular processes and effects of climate change. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36:837\u201361.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002548","volume":"126","author":"K Hanincov\u00e1","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanincov\u00e1 K, Sch\u00e4fer SM, Etti S, Sewell HS, Taragelov\u00e1 V, Ziak D, et al. Association of Borrelia afzelii with rodents in Europe. Parasitology. 2003;126:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2825-2830.2003","volume":"69","author":"K Hanincov\u00e1","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanincov\u00e1 K, Taragelov\u00e1 V, Koci J, Sch\u00e4fer SM, Hails R, Ullmann AJ, et al. Association of Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana with Songbirds in Slovakia. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:2825\u201330.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01060-07","volume":"74","author":"V Taragel\u2019ov\u00e1","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taragel\u2019ov\u00e1 V, Ko\u010di J, Hanincov\u00e1 K, Kurtenbach K, Derd\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Ogden NH, et al. Blackbirds and song thrushes constitute a key reservoir of Borrelia garinii, the causative agent of borreliosis in central Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:1289\u201393.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00434","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00434-12","volume":"3","author":"E Baum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baum E, Hue F, Barbour AG. Experimental infections of the reservoir species Peromyscus leucopus with diverse strains of Borrelia burgdorferi, a Lyme disease agent. MBio. 2012;3:e00434\u201312.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"1875_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0602.000205","volume":"6","author":"D Richter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Richter D, Spielman A, Komar N, Matuschka F-R. Competence of American robins as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochetes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000;6:133\u20138.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0149","volume-title":"Lyme Borreliosis, Biol. Epidemiol. Control","author":"L Gern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gern L, Humair P-F. In: Gray J, Kahl O, Lane R, Stanek G, editors. Lyme Borreliosis, Biol. Epidemiol. Control. New York: CABI; 2002. p. 149\u201374."},{"key":"1875_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001868","volume":"115","author":"NH Ogden","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ogden NH, Nuttall PA, Randolph SE. Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks. Parasitology. 1997;115:591\u2013600.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.189","volume":"33","author":"L Gern","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gern L, Rais O. Efficient transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi between cofeeding Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol. 1996;33:189\u201393.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"1875_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001486","volume":"142","author":"MJ Voordouw","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voordouw MJ. Co-feeding transmission in Lyme disease pathogens. Parasitology. 2015;142:290\u2013302.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.5.813","volume":"29","author":"TGT Jaenson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jaenson TGT, Talleklint L. Incompetance of roe deer as reservoirs of the Lyme borreliosis spirochaete. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:813\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"1875_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.39.105","volume":"39","author":"SR Telford","year":"1988","unstructured":"Telford SR, Mather TN, Moore SI, Wilson ML, Spielman A. Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988;39:105\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1875_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1248-1251.1998","volume":"66","author":"K Kurtenbach","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurtenbach K, Sewell H-S, Ogden NH, Randolph SE, Nuttall PA. Serum Complement sensitivity as a key factor in Lyme disease ecology. Infect Immun. 1998;66:1248\u201351.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"1875_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.61.4.1641-1642.1995","volume":"61","author":"K Kimura","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kimura K, Isogai E, Isogai H, Kamewaka Y, Nishikawa T, Ishii N, et al. Detection of Lyme disease spirochaetes in the skin of naturally infected wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis). Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995;61:1641\u20132.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.6.980","volume":"29","author":"JH Oliver","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oliver JH, Stallknecht D, Chandler FH, James AM, McGuire BS, Howerth E. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in laboratory-reared Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on experimentally inoculated white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol. 1992;29:980\u20134.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"1875_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006070416135","volume":"22","author":"JS Gray","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gray JS. The ecology of ticks transmitting Lyme borreliosis. Exp Appl Acarol. 1998;22:249\u201358.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"1875_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00030-9","volume":"32","author":"S Randolph","year":"2002","unstructured":"Randolph S, Green RM, Hoodless A, Peacey MF. An empirical quantitative framework for the seasonal population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Int J Parasitol. 2002;32:979\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"1875_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.022","volume":"183","author":"V Tagliapietra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tagliapietra V, Ros\u00e0 R, Arnoldi D, Cagnacci F, Capelli G, Montarsi F, et al. Saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) in Italy. Vet Parasitol. 2011;183:114\u201324.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1875_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","volume":"100","author":"K LoGiudice","year":"2003","unstructured":"LoGiudice K, Ostfeld RS, Schmidt KA, Keesing F. The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:567\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1875_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2841","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1047.1","volume":"89","author":"K LoGiudice","year":"2008","unstructured":"LoGiudice K, Duerr STK, Newhouse MJ, Schmidt KA, Killilea ME, Ostfeld RS. Impact of host community composition on Lyme disease risk. Ecology. 2008;89:2841\u20139.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"1875_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.4.1169-1174.1998","volume":"64","author":"K Kurtenbach","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kurtenbach K, Peacey M, Rijpkema SGT, Hoodless AN, Nuttall PA, Randolph SE. Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:1169\u201374.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1075","volume":"13","author":"J Bettridge","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bettridge J, Renard M, Zhao F, Bown KJ, Birtles RJ. Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus populations across central Britain. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:139\u201346.","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02319.x","volume":"13","author":"SA Vollmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vollmer SA, Bormane A, Dinnis RE, Seelig F, Dobson ADM, Aanensen DM, et al. Host migration impacts on the phylogeography of Lyme borreliosis spirochaete species in Europe. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:184\u201392.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814001691","volume":"143","author":"KM Hansford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansford KM, Fonville M, Jahfari S, Sprong H, Medlock JM. Borrelia miyamotoi in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in England. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;143:1079\u201387.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"1875_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1430-x","volume":"162","author":"L Gilbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilbert L. Altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases? Oecologia (Berlin). 2010;162:217\u201325.","journal-title":"Oecologia (Berlin)"},{"key":"1875_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007615109273","volume":"16","author":"JN Robertson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Robertson JN, Gray JS, Stewart P. Tick bite and Lyme borreliosis risk at a recreational site in England. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:647\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1875_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000209","volume":"86","author":"JL Perret","year":"2000","unstructured":"Perret JL, Guigoz E, Rais O, Gern L. Influence of saturation deficit and temperature on Ixodes ricinus tick questing activity in a Lyme borreliosis-endemic area (Switzerland). Parasitol Res. 2000;86:554\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"1875_CR42","unstructured":"Met Office. Long Term Average Climate Data 2009. http:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/climatechange\/science\/monitoring\/ukcp09\/download\/longterm\/fivekm_monthly.html . Accessed 30 Apr 2015."},{"key":"1875_CR43","unstructured":"Beyer HL. Hawth\u2019s Tools. 2004. http:\/\/www.spatialecology.com\/htools\/ . Accessed 30 Apr 2015."},{"key":"1875_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2009.11.001","volume":"1","author":"L Gern","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gern L, Douet V, L\u00f3pez Z, Rais O, Cadenas FM. Diversity of Borrelia genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in a Lyme borreliosis endemic area in Switzerland identified by using new probes for reverse line blotting. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2010;1:23\u20139.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004","volume":"42","author":"JW Courtney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Courtney JW, Kostelnik LM, Zeidner NS, Massung RF. Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:3164\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2237-2242.2001","volume":"39","author":"AN Alekseev","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alekseev AN, Dubinina HV, Van De PI, Schouls LM. Identification of Ehrlichia spp.and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ticks in the Baltic regions of Russia. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2237\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.976-979.2006","volume":"72","author":"M Poupon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poupon M, Lommano E, Douet V, Rais O, Schaad M, Jenni L, et al. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from migratory birds in Switzerland. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:976\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.12.3091-3095.1995","volume":"33","author":"SG Rijpkema","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rijpkema SG, Molkenboer MJ, Schouls LM, Jongejan F, Schellekens J. Simultaneous detection and genotyping of three genomic groups of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks by characterization of the amplified intergenic spacer region between 5S and 23S rRNA genes. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:3091\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00109-15","volume":"81","author":"C Millins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Millins C, Magierecka A, Gilbert L, Edoff A, Brereton A, Kilbride E, et al. An invasive mammal (gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis) commonly hosts diverse and atypical genotypes of the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81:109\u201315.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e616","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.616","volume":"2","author":"XA Harrison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Harrison XA. Using observation-level random effects to model overdispersion in count data in ecology and evolution. PeerJ. 2014;2:e616.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1875_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007740","volume":"122","author":"DA Elston","year":"2001","unstructured":"Elston DA, Moss R, Boulinier T, Arrowsmith C, Lambin X. Analysis of aggregation, a worked example: numbers of ticks on red grouse chicks. Parasitology. 2001;122:563\u20139.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR52","unstructured":"Herv\u00e9 M. \u2018RVAideMemoire\u2019. 2016. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/RVAideMemoire\/index.html . Accessed 1 July 2016."},{"key":"1875_CR53","unstructured":"Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S. lme4: Linear mixed-effects, models using Eigen and S4. 2014. http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=lme4 . Accessed 12 Apr 2015."},{"key":"1875_CR54","unstructured":"Chambers JM. Chapter 4. Linear Models. In: Chambers JM, Hastie TJ, editors. Stat. Model. S. Pacific Grove: Wadsworth & Brooks\/Cole; 1992. p. 100\u201345."},{"key":"1875_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Gray JS, Kahl O, Lane RS, Nijhof AM. Research on the ecology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens-methodological principles and caveats. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2013;3:. doi: 10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00029 .","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00029"},{"key":"1875_CR56","unstructured":"Mazerolle MJ. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference Based on (Q) AIC (c). 2015. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/AICcmodavg\/AICcmodavg.pdf . Accessed 15 Apr 2015."},{"key":"1875_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2011.01111.x","volume":"153","author":"MC James","year":"2011","unstructured":"James MC, Furness RW, Bowman AS, Forbes KJ, Gilbert L. The importance of passerine birds as tick hosts and in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a case study from Scotland. Ibis. 2011;153:293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"1875_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00126-5","volume":"69","author":"P-F Humair","year":"1998","unstructured":"Humair P-F, Gern L. Relationship between Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) and Ixodes ricinus in enzootic areas in Switzerland. Acta Trop. 1998;69:213\u201327.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1875_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.07.007","volume":"5","author":"B Pisanu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pisanu B, Chapuis J-L, Dozi\u00e8res A, Basset F, Poux V, Vourc\u2019h G. High prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the European red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris in France. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"1875_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00067-11","volume":"77","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2011","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Ortega C, S\u00e1nchez N, DeSimone L, Sudre B, Suk JE, et al. Correlation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the Western Palearctic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:3838\u201345.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR61","volume-title":"The ecology, genetic diversity and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in Scotland. PhD thesis","author":"MC James","year":"2010","unstructured":"James MC. The ecology, genetic diversity and epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis in Scotland. PhD thesis. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen; 2010."},{"key":"1875_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7203","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.11.7203-7216.2005","volume":"71","author":"C Rauter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rauter C, Hartung T. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe: a metaanalysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:7203\u201316.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(03)00173-5","volume":"224","author":"R Ros\u00e0","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ros\u00e0 R, Pugliese A, Norman R, Hudson PJ. Thresholds for disease persistence in models for tick-borne infections including non-viraemic transmission, extended feeding and tick aggregation. J Theor Biol. 2003;224:359\u201376.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"1875_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-187","volume":"6","author":"A Mysterud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mysterud A, Easterday WR, Qviller L, Viljugrein H, Ytrehus B. Spatial and seasonal variation in the prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in Norway. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:187.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1875_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/29.6.915","volume":"29","author":"JS Gray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gray JS, Kahl O, Janetzki C, Stein J. Studies on the ecology of Lyme disease in a deer forest in County Galway. Ireland J Med Entomol. 1992;29:915\u201320.","journal-title":"Ireland J Med Entomol"},{"key":"1875_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006023115617","volume":"23","author":"B Pichon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pichon B, Mousson L, Figureau C, Rodhain F, Perez-Eid C. Density of deer in relation to the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in Ixodes ricinus nymphs in Rambouillet forest, France. Exp Appl Acarol. 1999;23:267\u201375.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"1875_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085640","volume":"9","author":"L Werden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Werden L, Barker IK, Bowman J, Gonzales EK, Leighton PA, Lindsay LR, et al. Geography, deer, and host biodiversity shape the pattern of Lyme disease emergence in the Thousand Islands Archipelago of Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:85640.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1875_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0458.1","volume":"22","author":"L Gilbert","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gilbert L, Maffey GL, Ramsay SL, Hester A. The effect of deer management on the abundance of Ixodes ricinus in Scotland. Ecol Appl. 2012;22:658\u201367.","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"1875_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.02.006","volume":"40","author":"F Ruiz-Fons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruiz-Fons F, Gilbert L. The role of deer as vehicles to move ticks, Ixodes ricinus, between contrasting habitats. Int J Parasitol. 2010;40:1013\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"1875_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[683:POIRAI]2.0.CO;2","volume":"44","author":"F Mor\u00e1n Cadenas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mor\u00e1n Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair P, Moret J, et al. Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain. Switzerland J Med Entomol. 2007;44:683\u201393.","journal-title":"Switzerland J Med Entomol"},{"key":"1875_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7594","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01851-06","volume":"72","author":"PR Wielinga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wielinga PR, Gaasenbeek C, Fonville M, De Boer A, De Vries A, Dimmers W, et al. Longitudinal analysis of tick densities and Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia infections of Ixodes ricinus ticks in different habitat areas in the Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:7594\u2013601.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1875_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-268","volume":"5","author":"A Schwarz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwarz A, H\u00f6nig V, Vavru\u0161kov\u00e1 Z, Grubhoffer L, Balczun C, Albring A, et al. Abundance of Ixodes ricinus and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in the nature reserve Siebengebirge, Germany, in comparison to three former studies from 1978 onwards. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:268.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1875_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040145","volume":"4","author":"RS Ostfeld","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ostfeld RS, Canham CD, Oggenfuss K, Winchcombe RJ, Keesing F. Climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in Lyme-disease risk. PLoS Biol. 2006;4:1058\u201368.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1875_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takken W, van Vliet AJH, Verhulst NO, Jacobs F, Gassner F, Hartemink N, et al. Acarological risk of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infections across space and time in The Netherlands. Vector-Borne and Zoon Dis. 2016. (in press).","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1933"},{"key":"1875_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000015420","volume":"27","author":"J Macleod","year":"1935","unstructured":"Macleod J. Ixodes ricinus in relation to its physical environment III. Climate and reproduction. Parasitology. 1935;27:489\u2013500.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1875_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02004.x","volume":"48","author":"ADM Dobson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dobson ADM, Randolph SE. Modelling the effects of recent changes in climate, host density and acaricide treatments on population dynamics of Ixodes ricinus in the UK. J Appl Ecol. 2011;48:1029\u201337.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"1875_CR77","volume-title":"Ecological drivers of a vector borne pathogen: Distribution and abundance of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and its vector Ixodes ricinus in Scotland. PhD thesis","author":"CL Millins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Millins CL. Ecological drivers of a vector borne pathogen: Distribution and abundance of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and its vector Ixodes ricinus in Scotland. PhD thesis. Glasgow: University of Glasgow; 2016."}],"container-title":["Parasites & Vectors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1875-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T12:36:26Z","timestamp":1601210186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1875-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-016-1875-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-3305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-3305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"article-number":"595"}}